Table 1 Regulations of different molecules on signaling pathways/targets via phosphorylation

p-AMPK [21, 26, 28, 31, 34, 37, 117,118,119]

Promotion

p-TBC1D1/p-ACC/p-SREBP/p-FAS

Protection from lipogenesis

Protective factor

p-JNK [42, 124, 130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137]

TGFβ1/IL-1β/TNFα/ATF2

Inflammatory reaction/fat deposition/oxidative stress/autophagy/apoptosis

Risk factor

p-P62 [138]

Protein inclusions

ROS accumulation/fibrosis

Risk factor

p-P38 [23, 25, 60,61,62, 133]

TGF/TNF

Lipid accumulation/glucose metabolism disorder/inflammation

Risk factor

p-ERK [65, 134, 139, 140]

NA

Inflammatory reaction/fibrosis/fat deposition

Risk factor

p-NF-kB [32, 63, 65, 124, 141,142,143]

NA

inflammatory reaction/oxidative stress

Risk factor

p-P65 [32, 131, 138]

TGFβ1/IL-1β/TNFα

Inflammatory reaction/fat deposition

Risk factor

p-SRSF6 [144]

Alternative splicing to form normally

Healthy mitochondria

Protective factor

p-FAK [65]

p-ERK/p-NF-kB

inflammatory reaction/fat deposition

Risk factor

p-EGFR [145]

NA

Lipid metabolism/inflammation/fibrosis

Risk factor

p-ASK1 [42, 130, 137, 146]

p-JNK/p-P38

Inflammatory reaction/fat deposition

Risk factor

p-LARP1 [147]

NAFLD transforming to HCC

Metastasis/invasion/reproduction

Risk factor

p-IRS [39, 57, 124]

p-AKT/PEPCK

Insulin resistance/glucose metabolism disorders

Risk factor

p-PKM2 [142]

Macrophage phenotype transformation

Macrophage phenotype M1/inflammation

Risk factor

p-PKC [30, 39]

SREBP-1C/ACC/CD36/FASN

Insulin resistance/triglyceride synthesis/fatty acid uptake

Risk factor

p-ErbB [148, 149]

PI3K/p-AKT

Negative regulation of de novo adipogenesis

Protective factor

p-LKB1 [37]

p-AMPK/p-SREBP

Protection from endoplasmic reticulum stress/adipogenesis

Protective factor

p-CaMKK2 [26]

p-AMPK/p-SREBP/p-ACC

Increased FFA oxidation/decreased lipid synthesis

Protective factor

p-MLKL [150]

p-RIPK3/STAT3/TNFα

Necrosis/apoptosis/carcinogenicity

Risk factor

p-TAK1 [25, 60,61,62,63,64]

p-NF-kB/p-JNK/p-P38

Lipid accumulation/inflammation

Risk factor

p-ATGL [151]

CGL-58

Protection from lipogenesis/β-oxidation

Protective factor

p-PKA [46]

p-JDJM3/PPARa

Autophagy for liver normal activities

Protective factor

p-IP3R1 [20]

scr pathway

Mitochondrial Ca2 + overload/dysfunction

Risk factor

p-LXR [30, 45]

Acetylation of H3K27

Reduces progression to inflammation and fibrosis

Protective factor

p-HSF1 [114]

PGC-1a

Protection from steatosis/inflammation/fibrosis

Protective factor

p-caspase6 [152]

Inhibition

Pyrolysis of BID to produce cytochrome C

Protection from hepatocyte death

Protective factor

p-AMPK [153]

p-IKK/p-NF-kB

Protection from Inflammation/metabolic disorder

Protective factor

p-JNK [40, 136]

NRF2/PPAR/p-IRS

Oxidative stress injury/lipid transport/insulin resistance

Risk factor

p-PP2A/p-SP1 [57]

SREBP-1C

Protection from lipogenesis

Protective factor

p-FOX [23, 37, 124, 154]

FOX entering the nucleus

NA

NA

p-TAK1 [89, 93]

p-AMPK

Lipid accumulation/inflammation

Risk factor

p-Pacer [44]

HOPS

Maintain normal autophagy

Protective factor