Table 2 Lifestyle interventions in regulation of phosphorylation in SLD
From: Phosphorylation: new star of pathogenesis and treatment in steatotic liver disease
Category | Name | Treatment effect | Phosphorylation action site | Potential mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary content | Tomatoes [70] | Potential treatments against NAFLD | p-AMPK | Ameliorating obesity and hepatic steatosis by regulating lipogenesis via the SIRT1/AMPK pathway |
Beans [16] | Ameliorating obesity and significantly reducing steatosis | p-AMPK | Resulting in inhibition of the downstream SREBP-1c/FAS pathway and an increase β-oxidation to alleviate inflammatory responses via p-AMPK | |
Probiotics [35] | Reducing weight, improve glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia | p-AKT | Reducing the activation of genes by inhibiting p-AKT | |
A lard and soybean oil mixture [71] | Lowering cholesterol and protecting liver | p-AMPK | Stimulation of p-AMPK to downregulate TNF6 to inhibit inflammatory response | |
Edible seaweed (Ishige okamurae) [72] | Reducing lip toxicity and triglyceride accumulation | p-AMPK | Stimulating SIRT by up-regulating p-AMPK, thus inhibiting the expression of SREBP, FAS, to alleviate inflammation and adipogenesis | |
Carbon Supplement during pregnancy [73] | Reducing the risk of NAFLD in offspring | p-AMPK | Promoting p-AMPK to reduce the expression of related risk genes | |
Dietary habits | Fasting [46] | Ameliorating obesity and insulin resistance | p-PKA/p-JMJD3 | The phosphorylation of PKA and JMJD3 induced by FGF21 leading to the demethylation of H3K27 histone, thus promoting liver autophagy |
Alternate-day fasting [74] | Alleviating obesity and insulin resistance, improving cognition | p-AMPK/p-mTOR | Activating AMPK/ULK1 transduction while inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR to reduce oxidative stress and microglial over-activation in the central nervous system | |
Exercise | Aerobic training (60% of maximum velocity) [75] | Reducing weight, insulin resistance and plasma fatty acid concentration | p-AMPK | Increasing the level of PPARa through p-AMPK to promote fat oxidation |
Voluntary exercise [76] | Improving metabolism and protecting liver | p-AMPK | Increasing p-AMPKα activation with beneficial effects on hepatic and steatosis | |
Aerobic training (40–55% of VO2max) [77] | Improve NASH with biopsy-proven | p-AMPK/p-mTOR | modulating the AMPK/mTORC1 pathway in patients with NASH |