Table 3 Prescriptions in regulation of phosphorylation in SLD

Prescription

Metformin (+ genistein) [66]

Decreasing body and liver weight/fasting blood glucose/liver triglyceride level

p-GSK-3β/p-AMPK/p-NF-kB

Switching macrophage into M2 phenotype, decreasing macrophage infiltration, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines via p-GSK3/p-AMPK/p-NF-kB

Metformin (+ chlorogenic acid) [67]

Decreasing fasting blood glucose /hepatic triglyceride level/improving glucose intolerance

p-GSK-3β/p-AMPK

Resulting in the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing protein level of NF-kB via p-AMPK

Empagliflozin [84]

Potential treatments against NAFLD

p-AMPK

Decreasing the expression of ER transactivating autophagy via increasing p-AMPK, and reducing apoptosis

Dapagliflozin [27]

Anti-NAFLD/decreasing lipogenic enzyme

p-ACC1/p-mTOR/p-AMPK

Reducing hepatic lipid accumulation via promoting p-ACC1 and inducing autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway

Silybin [40]

Anti-NAFLD efficacy by antioxidant/anti-inflammatory

p-JNK

Decreasing hepatic injury, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress by CFLAR-JNK pathway

Ursodeoxycholic Acid [86]

Anti-NAFLD efficacy by antioxidant/anti-inflammatory/preventing mitochondrial dysfunction

p-NF-kB/p-STAT3

Increasing hepatic energy expenditure, mitochondria biogenesis,

and incorporation of bile acid metabolism by downregulating p-NF-kB and p-STAT3

Aspirin [87]

Normalize NAFLD and atherosclerosis

p-AMPK

Inhibiting lipid biosynthesis and inflammation and elevating catabolic metabolism via activation of the PPARδ-AMPK-PGC-1α pathway

Fenticonazole nitrate [88]

Anti-diabetic and anti-NAFLD efficacies

AKT Ser473/PPARγ Ser273

Activating Adiponectin and GLUT4 by promoting the AKT at Ser473 site and blocking the PPARγ at Ser273 site via phosphorylation