Table 4 Traditional Chinese medicines in regulation of phosphorylation in SLD
From: Phosphorylation: new star of pathogenesis and treatment in steatotic liver disease
Category | Name | Treatment effect | Phosphorylation action site | Potential mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese medicine | Breviscapine [89] | Reducing lipid accumulation/inflammation/liver injury/fibrosis | p-TAK1 | Linking the anti-NASH effects of breviscapine was inhibition of p-TAK1 and the subsequent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade |
Cordycepin [92] | Attenuating aminotransferases and lipid accumulation | p-AMPK | Against hepatic steatosis, inflammation, liver injury, and fibrosis in mice under metabolic stress through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway | |
Salidroside [93] | Regulating glucose metabolism dysregulation/lipid accumulation/fibrosis | p-AMPK | alleviated lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in primary hepatocytes via promoting AMPK signaling pathway activation | |
Improving liver histology and reversing serum biochemical abnormalities | p-FOXO3a/p-JNK | Improving insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, through SIRT1-mediated FOXO3a phosphorylation and NF-kB deacetylation; suppressing oxidative stress by inhibition of p-JNK | ||
Anthocyanin [90] | Reducing liver fat deposition and triglyceride formation to alleviate NAFLD | p-AMPK/p-ACC | Increasing p-AMPK and p-ACC to reduce SREBP-1c, FAS, PPARγ to relieve inflammation and fat accumulation | |
Coffeeberry [91] | Reducing liver fat deposition and inflammation in NAFLD | p-mTOR | Protecting the liver by reducing oxidative stress, activating the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF pathway and improving autophagic and apoptotic | |
Triptolide [33] | Revealing a reduction in liver enzymes and bilirubin | p-AMPK | Activating p-AMPK and further led to increasing p-ACC1 to ameliorate hepatic lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and fibrosis of NAFLD | |
Attenuating the clinical manifestations of NAFLD | p-IRS-1/p-AMPK | Inhibiting aberrant p-IRS-1 and upregulating PI3K, p-AKT/AKT and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β to improve hepatic insulin signal transduction, and activating p-AMPK to block inflammation and fibrosis | ||
Morin [97] | Against hyperlipidemia and steatosis | p-AMPK/p-ACC/p-AKT | Upregulating PPARα and decreasing SREBP‐1c, both of which are dependent upon p-ACC, p-AMPK and p-AKT, while suppressing NF‐kB and MAPK | |
Reducing fat accumulation and transaminase serum cholesterol and triglyceride | p-AMPK/p-JNK | Increasing p-AMPK to inhibit SREBP-1c to reduce fat deposition, upregulating p-IkB to reduce NF-kB and p-JNK to block inflammatory reaction and improve insulin resistance | ||
Reducing lipid deposition in liver | p-AMPK | modulating the expression of factors correlated with lipid synthesis and metabolism via activating the p-LKB1 and p-AMPK | ||
Vine tea polyphenol [102] | Balancing fatty acid oxidation/fat production/liver oxidative stress | p-AMPK | Activating p-AMPK α and subsequently promote PPARα, CPT1A and cytochrome P450 to enhance fatty acid oxidation to relieve NAFLD | |
Quercetin [103] | Regulating fat production | p-AMPK | Direct anti-lipogenic effect via inhibiting DNL pathway by p-AMPK | |
Aurantio-obtusin [104] | Improving adiposity/insulin resistance | p-AMPK | Promoting autophagy and degradation of lipid droplets via p-AMPK, subsequently activating PPAR α and reducing the expression of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis to trigger TFEB to promote SLD | |
Patchouli alcohol [105] | Improve insulin resistance/fat deposition | p-AMPK | Increased p-AMPK and SIRT1 to ameliorate inflammation, thereby attenuating skeletal muscle insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis | |
Zingerone [106] | Relieving hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia | p-AMPK | Preventing hepatic deposition, steatosis, and oxidative damage via p-AMPK/Nrf2 axis and concomitant suppression of SREBP1, SREBp2, and NF-kB p65 | |
Scopoletin/umbelliferone [107] | Attenuating the clinical manifestations of NAFLD | p-JNK | Decreased ER stress and cell death by intermediating p-JNK as well as ROS production | |
Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharides [108] | Improving glycolipid metabolism | p-AMPK/p-NF-kB | Reducing fat accumulation related to p-AMPK and PPARα via the decrease of SREBP-1; downregulating TLR4 and p-NF-kB to block inflammation | |
Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth [109] | Decreasing body weight/liver weight/serum ALT, TC, LDL | p-AMPK | Expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1 decreasing while that of p-AMPK and PPARα increasing | |
Gentiana scabra [110] | Anti-inflammation/anti-oxidation/anti-fibrosis | p-TAK1/p-NF-kB | Inhibiting p-TBK1 to block p-NF-kB to block inflammation and macrophage dysfunction | |
Artemisia capillaris [111] | Reducing fatty acid synthesis/TG | p-PI3K/p-AMPK | Promoting p- AKT and p-AMPK to inhibit SREBP-1c reducing lipogenesis and lipid accumulation | |
Mogrosides [112] | Reducing body weight/liver fat deposition | p-AMPK | Upregulating p-AMPK and SQSTM1 to inhibit reactive oxygen species production and lipid accumulation | |
Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi formula [113] | Having an influence on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in T2DM and coronary heart disease with NASH | p-AMPK | Upregulating the expression levels of p-AMPK and BCL2 and downregulated BAX as to attenuated hepatic steatosis and fibrosis |