Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with LLD (N = 29)

Sex(F:M)

21:8

Age (year, mean ± SD)

68.83 ± 6.56

BMI (kgm⁻², mean ± SD)

22.26 ± 2.70

Education (year, mean ± SD)

7.17 ± 4.45

Hypertension (NO. %)

6 (20.7%)

Diabetes (NO. %)

4 (13.8%)

Smoking (NO. %)

4 (13.8%)

Drinking (NO. %)

5 (17.2%)

GDS-30 (mean ± SD)

19.86 ± 5.84

Lipid metabolism

 Cholesterol (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

5.51 ± 0.88

 Triglyceride (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

1.61 ± 0.67

 HDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

1.31 ± 0.28

 LDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

3.28 ± 0.81

 ApoA-I (g/L, mean ± SD)

1.47 ± 0.27

 ApoB (g/L, mean ± SD)

1.04 ± 0.27

 ApoE (mg/dl, mean ± SD)

4.06 ± 1.01

 Lp(a) (mg/L, mean ± SD)

416.28 ± 469.87

 FFAs (μmol/L, mean ± SD)

535.76 ± 198.93

Cognition

 MoCA (mean ± SD)

21.55 ± 3.75

 Visuospatial/Executive (mean ± SD)

3.07 ± 1.28

 Naming (mean ± SD)

2.62 ± 0.82

 Attention (mean ± SD)

5.31 ± 0.93

 Language (mean ± SD)

2.31 ± 1.00

 Abstraction (mean ± SD)

1.17 ± 0.71

 Delayed Recall (mean ± SD)

1.72 ± 1.79

Orientation (mean ± SD)

5.10 ± 1.08

Selected microbiota

 Bacteroides (median (25th, 75th))

0.198(0.113,0.289)

 Prevotella (median (25th, 75th))

0.092(0.069,0.119)

 Megamonas (median (25th, 75th))

0.073(0.026,0.095)

 Parabacteroides (median (25th, 75th))

0.028(0.023,0.041)

 Ruminococcus (median (25th, 75th))

0.018(0.005,0.033)

 Faecalibacterium (median (25th, 75th))

0.017(0.014,0.021)

 Bifidobacterium (median (25th, 75th))

0.012(0.006,0.013)

 Akkermansia (median (25th, 75th))

0.005(0.002,0.006)