Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

Cellular diamine levels in cancer chemoprevention: modulation by ibuprofen and membrane plasmalogens

Lipids in Health and Disease volume 10, Article number: 214 (2011) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

To develop effective strategies in cancer chemoprevention, an increased understanding of endogenous biochemical mediators that block metastatic processes is critically needed. Dietary lipids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a published track record of providing protection against gastrointestinal malignancies. In this regard, we examined the effects of membrane plasmalogens and ibuprofen on regulation of cellular levels of diamines, polyamine mediators that are augmented in cancer cells. For these studies we utilized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and NRel-4 cells, a CHO cell line with defective plasmalogen synthesis.

Results

NRel-4 cells, which possess cellular plasmalogen levels that are 10% of control CHO cells, demonstrated 2- to 3-fold increases in cellular diamine levels. These diamine levels were normalized by plasmalogen replacement and significantly reduced by ibuprofen. In both cases the mechanism of action appears to mainly involve increased diamine efflux via the diamine exporter. The actions of ibuprofen were not stereospecific, supporting previous studies that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition is unlikely to be involved in the ability of NSAIDs to reduce intracellular diamine levels.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate that ibuprofen, a drug known to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, reduces cellular diamine levels via augmentation of diamine efflux. Similarly, augmentation of membrane plasmalogens can increase diamine export from control and plasmalogen-deficient cells. These data support the concept that membrane transporter function may be a therapeutic point of intervention for dietary and pharmacological approaches to cancer chemoprevention.

Background

While the focus of cancer research has largely involved the design of cytotoxic molecules, increasing efforts are being made to understand and utilize endogenous anticancer mechanisms. Areas of focus include dietary supplementation, identification of endogenous anticancer metabolites [1, 2] and deregulation of polyamine catabolism [3, 4]. Chemoprevention against colorectal [5–9] and prostate [10, 11] neoplasia has been demonstrated with aspirin and some NSAIDs, like ibuprofen and sulindac, as well as with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor that decreases polyamine biosynthesis.

While aspirin and NSAIDs act to decrease local inflammation via cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, they also produce large decreases in the levels of the polyamines spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine, actions that are independent of COX inhibition [12]. Homeostatic regulation of intracellular polyamine and diamine levels is essential for normal cell growth and restriction of hyperplasia and neoplasia. Regulation of diamine levels is achieved by multiple points of physiological regulation. These include: i) the rate limiting enzyme ODC that converts ornithine to putrescine [13, 14]; ii) polyamine metabolism by polyamine oxidase, spermine oxidase and spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase [15, 16]; iii) polyamine uptake [17]; and iv) diamine export [17, 18].

Complex changes in plasmalogens and fatty acid precursors of plasmalogens have been reported for cancer cells and the plasma of cancer patients [19]. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, which are utilized in plasmalogen synthesis, are also known to decrease the risk of several cancers [20, 21]. Decrements in plasmalogen levels, alterations in deacylation-reacylation of plasmalogens, and potential alterations in transport of plasmalogens, resulting from increases in scramblase 1, have all been reported to potentially contribute to neoplasia [22, 23]. In this regard, we have studied plasmalogen deficiency in NRel-4 cells [24–26], a CHO cell mutant not expressing dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42), a peroxisomal enzyme essential for plasmalogen synthesis. These cells possess plasmalogen levels that are 5 to 10% of those measured in control CHO cells [25]. In a targeted metabolomics analysis utilizing four GC-MS panels that assay over 200 metabolic intermediates in amino acid, nucleotide, alcohol, sugar, polyol, fatty acid, and organic acid pathways [26], we observed that N-Rel cells had large increases in the intracellular diamines putrescine and cadaverine. In this study we report our findings regarding the effects of plasmalogen replacement [27] and of ibuprofen treatment on cellular levels of diamines, diamine synthesis, and diamine exporter function in CHO [28] and NRel [24] cells.

Materials and methods

Tissue Culture

CHO and NRel-4 cells (generous gift of Dr. R.A. Zoeller, Boston University) were cultured (10 cm2 plates) in DMEM:F12 (Mediatech) supplemented with 10% FBS (Invitrogen) and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic (Invitrogen). Cells were grown at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator and treated with ibuprofen or PPI-1011, an ether lipid plasmalogen precursor, in DMSO at 80% confluence. At the conclusion of incubations, the wells were washed twice with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the plates harvested with versene/Trypleexpress and stored at -80°C until analyzed.

Putrescine Release

Cells were incubated with DMSO (0.05% final), ibuprofen (10 μM) or PPI-1011 (50 μM) for 48 hr. Next the cells were washed with PBS and incubated in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 700 μM arginine, to support cellular ornithine synthesis, and 15 mM HEPES (pH7.4) for 1.5 hr. The medium was collected, spiked with [2H4]putrescine, dried with a centrifugal evaporator and assayed for released putrescine. Cells were harvested and the released putrescine expressed as a percentage of the total cellular pool of putrescine.

Putrescine Synthesis

Cells were incubated with 100 μM [13C5]ornithine in HBSS containing 700 μM arginine and 15 mM HEPES (pH7.4) for 30 min. Cells were washed with cold PBS and harvested as described above, prior to measurement of cellular [13C5]ornithine and [13C4]putrescine pools.

Diamine Quantitation

Cells were sonicated in 1.2 ml of acetonitrile:MeOH:formic acid (800:200:2.4) containing [2H4]putrescine, [2H4]cadaverine and [2H5]ornithine (Cambridge and CDN Isotopes) as internal standards. For the putrescine synthesis experiments, [2H4]cadaverine was used as the internal standard. The cell lysates were transferred to 1.5 ml microtubes, sonicated and centrifuged at 4°C and 25,000 × g for 30 min. Next, 400 μL of the supernatant were dried in a centrifugal evaporator. To the dried cell extracts and the dried releasates were added 50 μL of pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide solution (50 μL PFB-Br + 950 μL dimethylformamide) and 10 μL of diisopropylamine as catalyst. The samples were heated with shaking at 80°C for 1 hour and then vortexed with 200 μL of hexane/ethyl acetate (3:2). The tubes were then centrifuged at 25,000 × g for 5 min to precipitate salts. The supernatants were transferred to autosampler vials for GC-MS analyses.

The PFB derivatives were analyzed by ammonia NCI-GC-MS via monitoring the [M-181-3(HF)]- anions for putrescine (567), [2H4]putrescine (571), cadaverine (581), and [2H4]cadaverine (585). The [M-181]- anions were monitored for ornithine (671.1), [2H5]ornithine (676.2), lysine (658.1) and [2H4]lysine (689.1). All GC-MS analyses were performed with an Agilent 7890A GC and Agilent 5975C mass analyzer. The GC column was a 30 m HP-5MS (0.25 mm ID; 0.25 μm film).

Immunocytochemistry

CHO and NRel cells were grown on glass coverslips (Thermo Scientific) until plates were approximately 50% confluent. Cells were then fixed by flooding coverslips with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 minutes. Following two 5 min rinses in PBS the cells were blocked with 3% skim milk in 0.1% triton X100 PBS for 20 minutes. Cells were stained with an anti-SLC3A2 primary antibody (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 2 hours at room temperature. Excess antibody was removed by rinsing twice in PBS before exposing cells to labeled secondary IgG Alexa 594 antibody (1:400, Invitrogen) for 1 hr at room temperature. Coverslips where then rinsed twice in PBS before applying Hoescht 33258 for 10 min to stain all nuclei. Finally, cells were rinsed twice more in PBS before mounting in Prolong (Molecular Probes) and viewed by fluorescence microscopy.

Data Analyses

Data are presented as mean ± SEM for 6 to 8 plates. Metabolite levels were expressed on a per mg protein basis. GC-MS analyses were performed using 5 point standard curves (reference standards at 0.2 to 10 times the stable isotope internal standard). Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons.

Results

CHO and NRel Diamine Levels

NRel-4 steady-state levels of the diamines putrescine and cadaverine were approximately 3-fold and 2-fold of CHO levels, respectively (Table 1). There was no difference in the levels of ornithine, the direct precursor of putrescine or in lysine, the direct precursor of cadaverine. Arginine levels also were the same in both cell lines. The diamine exporter, as visualized with antibodies to SLC3A2, was similarly expressed in the cell membrane of both CHO and N-Rel cells (Figure 1), as reported previously for CHO cells [18].

Table 1 Steady-state levels of amino acids and diamines in untreated CHO and N-Rel cells.
Full size table
Figure 1
figure 1

Cultured CHO and NRel cells stained with an anti-SLC3A2 antibody (red) and Hoescht 33258 stain for nuclei (blue), at a 20× magnification.

Full size image

Ibuprofen Effects

Incubations with ibuprofen were found to decrease diamine concentrations in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both CHO and NRel cells. The concentration-response curves were very steep, with a maximum effect of 50% decreases in diamine levels (Figure 2). Time-course studies indicated that the actions were time-dependent, achieving maximum response by 24 hr in CHO cells but by 12 hr in NRel-4 cells (Figure 3). The ability of ibuprofen to lower cellular putrescine was demonstrated to lack stereospecificity (data not shown) and involved increased efflux of putrescine (Figure 4). Synthesis of putrescine from labeled ornithine was not altered in NRel-4 cells by ibuprofen treatment (Figure 4).

Figure 2
figure 2

Steep concentration-dependent decreases in cellular putrescine and cadaverine levels in CHO and NRel-4 cells incubated with ibuprofen (0-50 μM). Fresh medium and ibuprofen were provided at time 0 and at 24 hr. of a 48 hr. incubation. Decreases in putrescine and cadaverine levels, with 2, 10 and 50 μM ibuprofen, were significant (P < 0.05) for both CHO and NRel-4 cells. N = 6. Mean ± SEM.

Full size image
Figure 3
figure 3

Time course of decreases in cellular putrescine in CHO and NRel-4 cells during incubation with 50 μM ibuprofen. N = 6. Mean ± SEM. Decreases were significant (p < 0.01) in NRel cells by 6 hr and by 24 hr in CHO cells.

Full size image
Figure 4
figure 4

Total cellular putrescine levels (nmol/mg protein); [13C 5 ]ornithine decarboxylation to [13C 4 ]putrescine, expressed as atom percent excess (APE); and levels of putrescine released into the medium, expressed as a percentage of the total cellular putrescine pool. Labeling of cellular [13C4]putrescine with [13C5]ornithine (100 μM) was a 30 min. incubation. The intracellular ornithine pool was > 97% [13C5]labeled in all cells. Efflux of putrescine was measured using a 1.5 hr incubation. Drug concentrations were 10 μM (ibuprofen) and 50 μM (PPI-1011) for 48 hr. prior to the experiment. N = 6. Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.01 vs. CHO; #, p < 0.01 vs. untreated NRel.

Full size image

Plasmalogen Effects

The cellular levels of diamines in NRel-4 cells were restored to normal levels (Figure 5) by augmenting plasmalogens with the ether lipid precursor, PPI-1011 [25, 27]. Augmenting cellular plasmalogens in CHO cells also resulted in a small but significant reduction in cellular diamine levels (Figure 5). As with ibuprofen, PPI-1011 augmentation of cellular plasmalogens did not alter synthesis of putrescine from labeled ornithine (Figure 4) but did augment cellular export of putrescine (Figure 4).

Figure 5
figure 5

Normalization of NRel-4 putrescine and cadaverine levels after a 72 hr incubation with PPI-1011 (100 μM). N = 6. Mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.01 vs. CHO; #, p < 0.01 vs. untreated NRel.

Full size image

Discussion

Cancer chemoprevention strategies [29] represent a clinical approach to augmenting endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms to prevent cancer development and constitute an alternative approach to the never-ending search for the magic bullet that only kills cancer cells. Areas of focus in cancer chemoprevention currently include metabolomics of endogenous anticancer metabolites [1, 2]; mechanistic studies of the established cancer prevention provided by regular aspirin or NSAID use [7]; studies of the roles and mechanisms of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in cancer prevention [20, 21]; and down-regulation of polyamine synthesis to block cancer development [3–6, 8, 9, 11, 13].

Putrescine and cadaverine are diamines that have been shown to be increased in a number of cancer tissues, including cervical, colon, endometrial, oral cavity squamous cell, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate [30–33]. Cellular studies have also demonstrated that a large fraction of polyamine metabolism is comprised of cellular export of putrescine [34] via the diamine exporter [17, 18]. Similarly, the diamine cadaverine, which is generated by ODC metabolism of lysine (Figure 6), is exported via the diamine exporter [17, 18, 35]. Previous studies of the anti-cancer actions of aspirin have demonstrated that aspirin decreases polyamine synthesis at the level of ODC [12] and increases polyamine metabolism via induction of spermine/spermidine N-acetyltransferase [SAT; [36]]. With our studies of ibuprofen, we did not detect any drug effects on polyamine synthesis; however, we did measure increased cellular efflux of putrescine. In this regard, SAT has been shown to be complexed with the diamine exporter, thereby coupling polyamine acetylation and export [18]. Previous data demonstrating induction of SAT with aspirin [36] and our data demonstrating increased diamine exporter function with ibuprofen, suggest that augmentation of the diamine exporter -SAT membrane complex may be a mechanism of action that contributes to the cancer chemoprevention provided by aspirin and NSAIDs. Our data demonstrating that the actions of ibuprofen on cellular diamines are not stereospecific are consistent with previous publications demonstrating that the anti-cancer actions of aspirin [12] and NSAIDs [37] are independent of COX inhibition. These observations also suggest that safer analogs devoid of COX inhibition might be optimal drug candidates for cancer chemoprevention. Use of the ODC inhibitor, difluromethylornithine that reduces cellular polyamine levels is one such approach currently in clinical trials [8, 11].

Figure 6
figure 6

Schematic representation of the diamine exporter. AcSpd, acetylspermidine; ADC, arginine decarboxylase; Arg, arginine; CAD, cadaverine; LAT, L-amino acid transporter; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; Orn, ornithine; Put, putrescine; SLC, SLC3A2 solute carrier; Spd, spermidine; SAT, spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase; SS, spermidine synthase.

Full size image

Our data also are the first to demonstrate modulation of the diamine exporter by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing ethanolamine plasmalogens. Augmentation of plasmalogens with the ether lipid precursor, PPI-1011 [25, 27] decreased putrescine levels in CHO cells and normalized putrescine levels in NRel-4 cells to CHO cell levels. As with ibuprofen this appears to involve increased putrescine export to control intracellular diamine homeostasis. These data are consistent with previous reports demonstrating that decrements in membrane plasmalogens dramatically alter membrane function via alterations in membrane lipid rafts which in turn leads to deregulation of cholesterol transport [24, 38], muscarinic membrane receptors [39] and β-adrenergic membrane receptors [40, 41].

In summary, our understanding of the role(s) of polyamines in the chemoprevention of gastrointestinal malignancies continues to grow. Our data demonstrate the importance of the diamine exporter-SAT complex (Figure 6) in maintaining intracellular diamine levels and further show that a number of dietary and pharmaceutical approaches are available to provide protection against gastrointestinal malignancies.

References

  1. Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010, 8: 13- 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Arakaki AK, Mezencev R, Bowen NJ, Huang Y, McDonald JF, Skolnick J: Identification of metabolites with anticancer properties by computational metabolomics. Mol Cancer. 2008, 7: 57- 10.1186/1476-4598-7-57

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Casero RA, Marton LJ: Targeting polyamine metabolism and function in cancer and other hyperproliferative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007, 6: 373-90. 10.1038/nrd2243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Casero RA, Pegg AE: Polyamine catabolism and disease. Biochem J. 2009, 421: 323-38. 10.1042/BJ20090598

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Martinez ME, O'Brien TG, Fultz KE, Babbar N, Yerushalmi H, Qu N, Guo Y, Boorman D, Einspahr J, Alberts DS, Gerner EW: Pronounced reduction in adenoma recurrence associated with aspirin use and a polymorphism in the ornithine decarboxylase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 7859-64. 10.1073/pnas.1332465100

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Thompson PA, Wertheim BC, Zell JA, Chen WP, McLaren CE, LaFleur BJ, Meyskens FL, Gerner EW: Levels of rectal mucosal polyamines and prostaglandin E2 predict ability of DFMO and sulindac to prevent colorectal adenoma. Gastroenterology. 2010, 139: 797-805. 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.005

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Harris RE, Beebe-Donk J, Doss H, Burr Doss D: Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective COX-2 blockade (review). Oncol Rep. 2005, 13: 559-83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Meyskens FL, Gerner EW, Emerson S, Pelot D, Durbin T, Doyle K, Lagerberg W: Effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on rectal mucosal levels of polyamines in a randomized, double-blinded trial for colon cancer prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998, 90: 1212-8. 10.1093/jnci/90.16.1212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zell JA, Pelot D, Chen WP, McLaren CE, Gerner EW, Meyskens FL: Risk of cardiovascular events in a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of difluoromethylornithine plus sulindac for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009, 2: 209-12. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mahmud SM, Franco EL, Turner D, Platt RW, Beck P, Skarsgard D, Tonita J, Sharpe C, Aprikian AG: Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e16412- 10.1371/journal.pone.0016412

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Simoneau AR, Gerner EW, Nagle R, Ziogas A, Fujikawa-Brooks S, Yerushalmi H, Ahlering TE, Lieberman R, McLaren CE, Anton-Culver H, Meyskens FL: The effect of difluoromethylornithine on decreasing prostate size and polyamines in men: results of a year-long phase IIb randomized placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17: 292-9. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0658

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Eklou-Kalonji E, Andriamihaja M, Reinaud P, Mayeur C, Camous S, Robert V, Charpigny G, Blachier F: Prostaglandin-independent effects of aspirin on cell cycle and putrescine synthesis in human colon carcinoma cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003, 81: 443-50. 10.1139/y03-058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Babbar N, Gerner EW: Targeting polyamines and inflammation for cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2011, 188: 49-64.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pegg AE: Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 14529-32. 10.1074/jbc.R500031200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Seiler N, Raul F: Polyamines and the intestinal tract. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2007, 44: 365-411. 10.1080/10408360701250016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Seiler N: Catabolism of polyamines. Amino Acids. 2004, 26: 217-33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Uemura T, Gerner EW: Polyamine transport systems in mammalian cells and tissues. Methods Mol Biol. 2011, 720: 339-48. 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_21

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Uemura T, Yerushalmi HF, Tsaprailis G, Stringer DE, Pastorian KE, Hawel L, Byus CV, Gerner EW: Identification and characterization of a diamine exporter in colon epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 26428-35. 10.1074/jbc.M804714200

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wallner S, Schmitz G: Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species. Chem Phys Lipids. 2011, 164: 573-89. 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pauwels EK, Kairemo K: Fatty acid facts, part II: role in the prevention of carcinogenesis, or, more fish on the dish?. Drug News Perspect. 2008, 21: 504-10. 10.1358/dnp.2008.21.9.1290819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Giros A, Grzybowski M, Sohn VR, Pons E, Fernandez-Morales J, Xicola RM, Sethi P, Grzybowski J, Goel A, Boland CR, Gassull MA, Llor X: Regulation of colorectal cancer cell apoptosis by the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009, 2: 732-42. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Smith RE, Lespi P, Di Luca M, Bustos C, Marra FA, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA: A reliable biomarker derived from plasmalogens to evaluate malignancy and metastatic capacity of human cancers. Lipids. 2008, 43: 79-89. 10.1007/s11745-007-3133-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kuo YB, Chan CC, Chang CA, Fan CW, Hung RP, Hung YS, Chen KT, Yu JS, Chang YS, Chan EC: Identification of phospholipid scramblase 1 as a biomarker and determination of its prognostic value for colorectal cancer. Mol Med. 2011, 17: 41-7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Munn NJ, Arnio E, Liu D, Zoeller RA, Liscum L: Deficiency in ethanolamine plasmalogen leads to altered cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res. 2003, 44: 182-92. 10.1194/jlr.M200363-JLR200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wood PL, Khan A, Mankidy R, Smith T, Goodenowe DB: Plasmalogen Deficit: A New and Testable Hypothesis for the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Open Access in Alzheimers Disease-Book 2. 2011, ISBN 979-953-307-022-2,

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wood PL, Smith T, Pelzer L, Goodenowe DB: Targeted metabolomic analyses of cellular models of pelizaeus-merzbacher disease reveal plasmalogen and myo-inositol solute carrier dysfunction. Lipids Health Dis. 2011, 10: 102- 10.1186/1476-511X-10-102

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wood PL, Khan MA, Smith T, Ehrmantraut G, Jin W, Cui W, Braverman NE, Goodenowe DB: In vitro and in vivo plasmalogen replacement evaluations in rhizomelic chrondrodysplasia punctata and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease using PPI-1011, an ether lipid plasmalogen precursor. Lipids Health Dis. 2011, 10: 182-

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Xie X, Gillies RJ, Gerner EW: Characterization of a diamine exporter in Chinese hamster ovary cells and identification of specific polyamine substrates. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 20484-9. 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Thompson P, Gerner EW: Of timing and surrogates - A way forward for cancer chemoprevention. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17: 3509-11. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0643

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gallesio C, Colombatto S, Modica R: Free and acetylated polyamines as markers of oral cavity tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994, 77: 167-71. 10.1016/0030-4220(94)90280-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Löser C, Fölsch UR, Paprotny C, Creutzfeldt W: Polyamine concentrations in pancreatic tissue, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 1990, 5: 119-27. 10.1097/00006676-199003000-00001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Löser C, Fölsch UR, Paprotny C, Creutzfeldt W: Polyamines in colorectal cancer. Evaluation of polyamine concentrations in the colon tissue, serum, and urine of 50 patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer. 1990, 65: 958-66. 10.1002/1097-0142(19900215)65:4<958::AID-CNCR2820650423>3.0.CO;2-Z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chanda R, Ganguly AK: Diamine-oxidase activity and tissue di- and poly-amine contents of human ovarian, cervical and endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 1995, 89: 23-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tjandrawinata RR, Hawel L, Byus CV: Regulation of putrescine export in lipopolysaccharide or IFN-gamma-activated murine monocytic-leukemic RAW 264 cells. J Immunol. 1994, 152: 3039-52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hawel L, Tjandrawinata RR, Fukumoto GH, Byus CV: Biosynthesis and selective export of 1, 5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) in mycoplasma-free cultured mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 1994, 269: 7412-8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Babbar N, Gerner EW, Casero RA: Induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) by aspirin in Caco-2 colon cancer cells. Biochem J. 2006, 394: 317-24. 10.1042/BJ20051298

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Grösch S, Tegeder I, Niederberger E, Bräutigam L, Geisslinger G: COX-2 independent induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells by the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. FASEB J. 2001, 15: 2742-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mankidy R, Ahiahonu PW, Ma H, Jayasinghe D, Ritchie SA, Khan MA, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Goodenowe DB: Membrane plasmalogen composition and cellular cholesterol regulation: a structure activity study. Lipids Health Dis. 2010, 9: 62- 10.1186/1476-511X-9-62

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Périchon R, Moser AB, Wallace WC, Cunningham SC, Roth GS, Moser HW: Peroxisomal disease cell lines with cellular plasmalogen deficiency have impaired muscarinic cholinergic signal transduction activity and amyloid precursor protein secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998, 248: 57-61. 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Styger R, Wiesmann UN, Honegger UE: Plasmalogen content and beta-adrenoceptor signalling in fibroblasts from patients with Zellweger syndrome. Effects of hexadecylglycerol. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002, 1585: 39-43. 10.1016/S1388-1981(02)00320-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vartanian T, Sprinkle TJ, Dawson G, Szuchet S: Oligodendrocyte substratum adhesion modulates expression of adenylate cyclase-linked receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988, 85: 939-43. 10.1073/pnas.85.3.939

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. R.A. Zoeller for his generous gift of the cell lines. TS was supported by a Canadian National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Pharmacology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA

    Paul L Wood

  2. R&D Dept., Phenomenome Discoveries Inc, 204-407 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4L8, Canada

    M Amin Khan, Tara Smith & Dayan B Goodenowe

Authors
  1. Paul L Wood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M Amin Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tara Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dayan B Goodenowe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul L Wood.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors are all involved in the preclinical development of PPI-1011.

Authors' contributions

All authors read and approved the manuscript. All authors participated in the study design, supervision of assay QA/QC and data interpretation. TS and PW performed experiments.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wood, P.L., Khan, M.A., Smith, T. et al. Cellular diamine levels in cancer chemoprevention: modulation by ibuprofen and membrane plasmalogens. Lipids Health Dis 10, 214 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-214

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-214

Keywords

  • CHO
  • NRel-4
  • ibuprofen
  • plasmalogens
  • omega-3 fatty acids
  • PPI-1011
  • putrescine
  • cadaverine
  • diamine exporter
  • ornithine decarboxylase
  • cancer chemoprevention

Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X