Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

HDL-C to hsCRP ratio is associated with left ventricular diastolic function in absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis

Lipids in Health and Disease volume 18, Article number: 219 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is considered as a protective marker of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD). It is still not clear if HDL-C is associated with left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in an inflammation-related manner in absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis.

Methods

392 patients who complained of chest pain and were suspected of CAD without heart failure were enrolled in this study. Coronary angiography or coronary artery CT scan was performed to detect coronary atherosclerosis. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac function. Plasma level of HDL-C and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined in each subject. Relationship between HDL-C/hsCRP ratio and LV diastolic function in subjects without significant coronary atherosclerosis was investigated.

Results

204 subjects without significant coronary plaques were analyzed finally, including 84 males and 120 females whose ages ranged from 30 to 84 years old. When divided into HDL-C/hsCRP quartiles, those in the fourth quartile demonstrated the best diastolic function (E/e’ 10.14 ± 2.87, P = 0.02 ). HDL-C/hsCRP was the most significant factor correlated with E/e’ in univariate regression analysis (r = − 0.232, P < 0.001) and multiple regression analysis adjusted by other factors (standardized β = − 0.258 , P < 0.0005 ). In logistic regression, HDL-C/hsCRP was proved to be a protective factor of LV diastolic dysfunction E/e’ > 14 (OR = 0.649, 95%CI 0.444–0.948,P = 0.025 ). The sensitivity and specificity of using HDL-C/hsCRP < 0.98 to predict LV diastolic dysfunction were 64.3% and 56.2%, respectively. HDL-C/hsCRP ratio presented a reduced trend as increasing rate of CV risk factors.

Conclusions

HDL-C/hsCRP ratio strongly correlates with LV diastolic function in absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis. Low HDL-C/hsCRP ratio tends to relate with LV diastolic dysfunction.

Background

Reduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is the base of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a clinical diagnosis defined as symptomatic heart failure with an ejection fraction (EF) ≥50% [1]. HFpEF makes up half of heart failure cases and prevails over heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) especially in old people [2, 3]. The population of LV diastolic dysfunction without the symptoms of congestive heart failure such as dyspnea is astonishing but insidious as well [4]. Early detection of this imperceptible situation may help decrease the possibility of progressive heart failure [5].

More and more researches indicate that diastolic function decrease mainly originates from cardiovascular (CV) risk factors-related chronic inflammation other than cardiomyocytes loss, which usually causes systolic dysfunction [6]. People with known CV risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, obese, hypercholesterolemia and smoking are in a state of elevated inflammation of the heart and susceptible to diastolic function impairment [7,8,9]. Compared with acute infection, the chronic inflammatory status following CV risk factors requires a more sensitive assay. High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a well-established inflammation marker, which can accurately detect very low levels of CRP even in healthy individuals. It is valuable to predict cardiovascular disease morbidity and treatment effects [10].

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been considered as a protective marker of cardiovascular disease for decades [11]. Framingham Research demonstrated that low HDL-C was related to morbidity of both coronary heart disease and heart failure [12, 13]. Formation of atherosclerosis is attributed to excess cholesterol and inflammation [14, 15], while HDL plays a scavenger role removing deposited cholesterol from macrophages and relieves inflammation [16, 17]. Myocardial ischemia caused by significant coronary atherosclerosis is one of the reasons for reduced LV diastolic function even before systolic function impairment [18]. However, to date, how HDL-C relates with LV diastolic function of a heart without obvious coronary atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated yet. We hypothesize that HDL-C is favorably associated with LV diastolic function in an inflammation-related manner and the combination of HDL-C and hsCRP may be useful to estimate LV diastolic function. Therefore, we aim to investigate the relationship between HDL-C/hsCRP ratio and LV diastolic function in subjects without significant coronary atherosclerosis in this study.

Methods

Study population

Three hundred and ninety-two patients who complained of chest pain and were suspected of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) were recruited as participants from Department of Cardiology in the First Hospital of China Medical University during January 2017 to May 2017. The study proceeded under the approval of ethics committee of this hospital in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consents were obtained from all the subjects at the beginning. Those who had atrial fibrillation episodes or history, acute infection or were diagnosed chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded in order to avoid bias of results. Patients diagnosed as heart failure previously and currently were not included either. All participants were free of definite CAD including myocardial infarction history, previous percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. At least one of the tests including ambulatory ECG, exercise ECG and stress myocardial perfusion by SPECT was performed in addition to resting ECG when necessary in all the participants to detect significant myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography or coronary artery CT scan were finally performed in those subjects without detectable myocardial ischemia following a standard procedure to make clear whether they had obvious coronary atherosclerotic lesion with≥50% diameter stenosis.

CV risk factors including current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obese and hypercholesterolemia, were recorded. Besides previous confirmed diagnosis and ongoing treatment, patients were evaluated as follows. Blood pressure was determined using conventional cuff method and hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBp) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBp) ≥90 mmHg according to the WHO guideline at that time. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) ≥6.5% according to 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the body weight (in kilogram) divided by square of height (in meter). Obese was defined as BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 according to Chinese guideline. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as plasma level of total cholesterol (TC) > 5.72 mmol/L with or without plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 3.64 mmol/L in a fasting state.

Laboratory measurements

Blood samples were collected after at least 8 h overnight fasting. TC, LDL-C, FPG, HbA1C, plasma triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), uric acid (UA) and cystatin C (Cys C) were measured by standard method in the clinical laboratory of the same hospital. Plasma hsCRP was analyzed by immunophelometry method using Siemens hsCRP immumoreagent on a Siemens BNII instrument.

Cardiac function evaluation

Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using Vivid 7 GE system. We firstly measured left atrial diameter (LA), LV end-diastolic diameter and the thickness of both LV septal and posterior walls by M-mode echocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was obtained using biplane Simpson’s methods from the apical 2- and 4- chamber views. Peak mitral flow velocity in early diastole (E) and late diastole (A) were measured from apical 4-chamber view and the ratio of E/A was calculated. We further performed pulse-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography. Peak early diastolic velocity of mitral annular was measured in both septal and lateral parts. Mean mitral annular early diastolic velocity e’ was calculated from their average. E/e’ was calculated as a parameter of LV diastolic function with the other parameters LA, E/A and e’. According to the 2016 American Society of Echocardiography criteria [19], E/e’ > 14 was considered as diastolic dysfunction. All the ultrasound data were sampled from 3 cardiac cycles and averaged.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) while categorical variables were expressed as counts or percentage. Continuous variables were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) among groups followed by S-N-K test. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was performed to determine if categorical variables were different across groups. Pearson analysis and Spearman analysis were used to evaluate univariate correlations for continuous variables and categorical variables respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was also performed to confirm independent determinants. Logistic regression analysis with odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were performed to estimate possible association between parameters and diastolic dysfunction. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

General characteristics of subjects

Two hundred and four patients were enrolled in final analysis after excluding those with obvious coronary plaques according to the results of coronary angiography or coronary artery CT scan. Among these subjects, there were 84 males and 120 females and the age ranged from 30 to 84 years old with an average of 60.2 ± 10.2 years old. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of these subjects were shown in Table 1.

Table 1 General clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the subjects
Full size table

LV diastolic function comparisons in HDL-C/hsCRP quartiles

Four quartile groups were separated according to HDL-C/hsCRP ratio. The HDL-C/hsCRP quartiles were Quartile 1 (HDL-C/hsCRP 0.0929–0.5288), Quartile 2 (HDL-C/hsCRP 0.5405–1.0119), Quartile 3 (HDL-C/hsCRP 1.0244–2.1667) and Quartile 4 (HDL-C/hsCRP 2.1739–9.2000). Comparisons of clinical and echocardiographic parameters in these quartile groups were shown in Table 2. Age, gender, smoking, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood cholesterol or medication use made no differences among these quartiles. However, the LV diastolic function indicated by E/e’ was significantly different. The lowest E/e’, indicating the best LV diastolic function, appeared in the highest HDL-C/hsCRP group.

Table 2 Comparisons of clinical and echocardiographic parameters in HDL-C/hsCRP quartile groups
Full size table

Correlations between HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function

In order to investigate if there was an association between HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function, we analyzed the correlations of different variables with E/e’. Of all the factors in Table 3, HDL-C/hsCRP was the most significant factor correlated with E/e’, making even stronger association with diastolic function than age, SBp, FPG, HDL-C or hsCRP. The correlation coefficient of HDL-C/hsCRP was -0.232 (P < 0.001) and it demonstrated a negative correlation between HDL-C/hsCRP ratio and E/e’. HDL-C/hsCRP was also the most significant independent determinant of E/e’ in multiple regression analysis when adjusted by all the significant variables in univariate linear correlations, including age, SBp, FPG, Cys C and hsCRP. The standardized correlation coefficient β was -0.258 (P < 0.0005) (Table 4).

Table 3 Univariate linear correlations between E/e’ and different variables
Full size table
Table 4 Multiple Regression Analysis for relevant parameters and E/e’
Full size table

The ablility of HDL-C/hsCRP in predicting LV diastolic dysfunction

As mentioned above, LV diastolic dysfunction was defined as E/e’ > 14. In logistic regression analysis, HDL-C/hsCRP was proved to be a protective factor of LV diastolic dysfunction (OR = 0.649, 95%CI 0.444–0.948, P = 0.025) (Table 5). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to test the ability of HDL-C/hsCRP in predicting LV diastolic dysfunction (Fig. 1). The sensitivity of using HDL-C/hsCRP < 0.98 to indicate LV diastolic dysfunction was 64.3% and the specificity was 56.2%. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.613.

Table 5 Logistic Regression Analysis for association between relevant parameters and LV diastolic dysfunction
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Receiver operating characteristic curve of HDL-C/hsCRP in predicting left ventricular diastolic dysfunction E/e’ > 14.

Full size image

Relationship between HDL-C/hsCRP and CV risk factors

Number of CV risk factors (current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obese and hypercholesterolemia) was counted in each subject. HDL-C/hsCRP ratio was ranked from the lowest value to the highest value. Average ranks were compared according to the number of CV risk factors. As the risk factors increased, HDL-C/hsCRP presented a reduced tendency. HDL-C/hsCRP ratio in subjects with 3 or more CV risk factors was significantly lower compared with those without CV risks (Fig. 2a). At the same time, E/e’ presented an increasing trend with increased rate of CV risk factors (Fig. 2b).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Trends of HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function with increased CV risk factors. a Decreased trend of HDL-C/hsCRP with increased CV risk factors. HDL-C/hsCRP was ranked from the lowest value to the highest value. b Increased trend of E/e’ with increased CV risk factors. The asterisk (*) represents a significant difference from those without CV risks (P < 0.05)

Full size image

Discussion

This study contributed three new findings concerning HDL-C, hsCRP and LV diastolic function. First, we demonstrated a negative association of HDL-C/hsCRP and echocardiographic parameter E/e’, indicating a positive association of HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function. Second, HDL-C/hsCRP < 0.98 could be used for predicting LV diastolic dysfunction with 64.3% sensitivity and 56.2% specificity. Last, HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function both varied with the quantity of CV risk factors. Those with more CV risk factors tended to show lower HDL-C/hsCRP and worse LV diastolic function.

Previously, Masugata et al found that there was a relationship between hsCRP and LV diastolic function in patients with cardiovascular risk factors regardless of coronary plaque and elevated hsCRP meant reduced LV diastolic function rather than LV hypertrophy [20]. It is also reported that in treated essential hypertensive patients HDL-C is favorably associated with LV diastolic function [21]. In addition, Manabu and his colleagues proved that a combination of CRP and HDL-C might predict long-term outcomes in patients with CAD under statin therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention [22]. In this study, we combined HDL-C and hsCRP and found HDL-C/hsCRP ratio strongly correlated with LV diastolic function in subjects without significant coronary plaques. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient of HDL-C/hsCRP was higher than either HDL-C or hsCRP in univariate correlation, and only HDL-C/hsCRP, rather than HDL-C or hsCRP, was independent in multiple regression. These results reflected superiority of HDL-C/hsCRP to either HDL-C or hsCRP when correlating with LV diastolic function. According to the logistic regression analysis, HDL-C/hsCRP ratio was a protective marker of diastolic dysfunction. It implicated that high HDL-C/hsCRP was not likely to be with LV diastolic dysfunction and low HDL-C/hsCRP ratio might help recognize LV diastolic dysfunction E/e > 14. Therefore, we set a value of HDL-C/hsCRP< 0.98 for predicting E/e’ > 14 with 61.3% accuracy.

HDL is a group of heterogeneous particles with pleiotropic beneficial effects originating from its complicated structure and ingredients [23]. Anti-inflammation character is one of its main functions besides well-known cholesterol reverse transport [24]. HDL and its mimetic peptide improved diastolic function in low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr(−/−)) mice and cholesterol-fed rabbits respectively [25, 26].However, inflammation leads to impaired anti-inflammatory capacity of HDL and promotes transformation of HDL into pro-inflammatory particles [27].Impaired anti-inflammatory property of HDL was associated with heart failure [28]. Although HDL-C refers to the cholesterol content in HDL, not HDL particle itself, it reflects plasma HDL anti-inflammation ability to some extent because in inflammatory conditions, HDL-C decreases with impaired cholesterol efflux and reduced anti-inflammation ability of HDL as well [29,30,31,32]. As a result, the combination of HDL-C and hsCRP actually improved the detection ability of systemic inflammatory state. In this study, HDL-C/hsCRP was found to decrease with increased rate of CV risks, which could induce chronic inflammation. It is rational that more risk factors mean severer systemic inflammatory status and worse resistance to inflammation. Single CV risk factor only affects part of LV diastolic function, but HDL-C/hsCRP ratio seems to be a comprehensive indicator for all the CV risk factors.

Aging, female gender, hypertension, obesity and diabetes are the common reasons of LV diastolic dysfunction [33]. CAD with obvious plaque is also a leading reason for LV diastolic function impairment [18]. Because LV diastolic dysfunction and CAD share similar risk factors, we excluded subjects with coronary stenosis ≥50%, which would probably impact the usefulness of HDL-C/hsCRP ratio in LV diastolic function evaluation. Although atrial fibrillation is another possible reason causing LV diastolic function impairment especially among the patients with fast heart rate, we also excluded this kind of patients in this study, since atrial fibrillation affects the accuracy of diastolic function measurement [34].Because this was a cross-section research with relative small sample of subjects instead of a cohort from population, we did not stratify different groups of age, which had impacts on LV diastolic function. That was why we choose E/e’, a less age-dependent parameter, as indicator of LV diastolic function. Similarly, we did not stratify medications such as ACE inhibitor and β blocker, which might also impact LV diastolic function. Instead, we compared the percentages of ACE inhibitor and β blockers used in different HDL-C/hsCRP quartiles and there were no significant differences. Nevertheless, this did not influence differentiating LV diastolic function change. We noticed both HDL-C and hsCRP could be adjusted by statins, but we did not exclude those who were using statins, because we wanted to perform the investigation in a general situation where statins were commonly used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Since statins were also reported to improve diastolic cardiac function [35], it is likely that the link between HDL-C/hsCRP ratio and LV diastolic function exists regardless of medication.

There are some limitations of this study. First, the correlation strength between HDL-C/hsCRP and LV diastolic function needed to be proved by a larger stratified sample. Second, the subjects were all free from heart failure symptoms. As a result, it was still not clear whether HDL-C/hsCRP could be used in the evaluation of diastolic function in heart failure patients. Further investigations are needed for complete explanations.

Conclusions

In summary, HDL-C/hsCRP ratio, a comprehensive indicator reflecting systemic inflammation status, closely correlates with LV diastolic function in absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis. Low HDL-C/hsCRP ratio tends to relate with LV diastolic dysfunction.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated and analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

A:

Mitral flow velocity in late diastole

ACE:

Angiotensin converting enzyme

AUC:

Area under the curve

BMI:

Body mass index

CAD:

Coronary atherosclerotic disease

CI:

Confidence interval

CV:

Cardiovascular

CysC:

Cystatin C

DBp:

Diastolic blood pressure

e':

Mean mitral tissue velocity in early diastole

E:

Mitral flow velocity in early diastole

FPG:

Fasting plasma glucose

HbA1C:

Hemoglobin A1C

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

hsCRP:

High-sensitive C-reactive protein

IVS:

Inter-ventricular septum thickness

LA:

Left atrium

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LV:

Left ventricular

LVDD:

Left ventricular diastolic diameter

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

OR:

Odd ratio

PD:

Posterior wall thickness of left ventricle

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic

SBp:

Systolic blood pressure

SD:

Standard deviation

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

UA:

Uric acid

References

  1. Wachter R, Edelmann F. Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10:399–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:591–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. van Riet EE, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, Limburg A, Landman MA, Rutten FH. Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:242–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wan SH, Vogel MW, Chen HH. Pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:407–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lam CS, Lyass A, Kraigher-Krainer E, Massaro JM, Lee DS, Ho JE, Levy D, Redfield MM, Pieske BM, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS. Cardiac dysfunction and noncardiac dysfunction as precursors of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction in the community. Circulation. 2011;124:24–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Paulus WJ, Tschope C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:263–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sorop O, Heinonen I, van Kranenburg M, van de Wouw J, de Beer VJ, ITN N, Octavia Y, RWB v D, Stam K, van Geuns RJ, Wielopolski PA, Krestin GP, van den Meiracker AH, Verjans R, van Bilsen M, AHJ D, Paulus WJ, Cheng C, Linke WA, Joles JA, Verhaar MC, van der Velden J, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Multiple common comorbidities produce left ventricular diastolic dysfunction associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and myocardial stiffening. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114:954–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. McEvoy JW, Nasir K, DeFilippis AP, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Hundley WG, Barr RG, Budoff MJ, Szklo M, Navas-Acien A, Polak JF, Blumenthal RS, Post WS, Blaha MJ. Relationship of cigarette smoking with inflammation and subclinical vascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:1002–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rueda-Ochoa OL, Smiderle-Gelain MA, Rizopoulos D, Dhana K, van den Berge JK, Echeverria LE, Ikram MA, Deckers JW, Franco OH, Kavousi M. Risk factors for longitudinal changes in left ventricular diastolic function among women and men. Heart. 2019.

  10. Yousuf O, Mohanty BD, Martin SS, Joshi PH, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS, Budoff MJ. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a resolute belief or an elusive link? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:397–408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977;62:707–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW, Abbott RD, Kalousdian S, Kannel WB. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1986;256:2835–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Velagaleti RS, Massaro J, Vasan RS, Robins SJ, Kannel WB, Levy D. Relations of lipid concentrations to heart failure incidence: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2009;120:2345–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Macrophage-mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20:17–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pirillo A, Bonacina F, Norata GD, Catapano AL. The interplay of lipids, lipoproteins, and immunity in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Favari E, Chroni A, Tietge UJ, Zanotti I, Escola-Gil JC, Bernini F. Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;224:181–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kontush A. HDL-mediated mechanisms of protection in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103:341–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sun L, Ma C, Liu S, Zou L, Jia D. Mitral annular tissue velocity in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:3754–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, Flachskampf FA, Gillebert TC, Klein AL, Lancellotti P, Marino P, Oh JK, Popescu BA, Waggoner AD. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Masugata H, Senda S, Inukai M, Murao K, Tada S, Hosomi N, Iwado Y, Noma T, Kohno M, Himoto T, Goda F. Association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and left ventricular diastolic function assessed by echocardiography in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;223:263–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Horio T, Miyazato J, Kamide K, Takiuchi S, Kawano Y. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:938–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ogita M, Miyauchi K, Tsuboi S, Shitara J, Endo H, Wada H, Doi S, Naito R, Konishi H, Dohi T, Kasai T, Tamura H, Okazaki S, Suwa S, Daida H. Impact of combined C-reactive protein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on long-term outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease after a first percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:999–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rached FH, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. HDL particle subpopulations: focus on biological function. Biofactors. 2015;41:67–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Thacker SG, Zarzour A, Chen Y, Alcicek MS, Freeman LA, Sviridov DO, Demosky SJ Jr, Remaley AT. High-density lipoprotein reduces inflammation from cholesterol crystals by inhibiting inflammasome activation. Immunology. 2016;149:306–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gordts SC, Van Craeyveld E, Muthuramu I, Singh N, Jacobs F, De Geest B. Lipid lowering and HDL raising gene transfer increase endothelial progenitor cells, enhance myocardial vascularity, and improve diastolic function. PLoS One. 2012;7:e46849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Merlet N, Busseuil D, Mihalache-Avram T, Mecteau M, Shi Y, Nachar W, Brand G, Brodeur MR, Charpentier D, Rhainds D, Sy G, Schwendeman A, Lalwani N, Dasseux JL, Rheaume E, Tardif JC. HDL mimetic peptide CER-522 treatment regresses left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 2016;215:364–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Femlak M, Gluba-Brzozka A, Cialkowska-Rysz A, Rysz J. The role and function of HDL in patients with diabetes mellitus and the related cardiovascular risk. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16:207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim JB, Hama S, Hough G, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Maclellan WR, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Heart failure is associated with impaired anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of high-density lipoproteins. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1770–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Soares AAS, Tavoni TM, de Faria EC, Remalay AT, Maranhao RC, Sposito AC and Brasilia heart study G. HDL acceptor capacities for cholesterol efflux from macrophages and lipid transfer are both acutely reduced after myocardial infarction Clin Chim Acta 2018;478:51–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Estruch M, Minambres I, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Soler M, Perez A, Ordonez-Llanos J, Benitez S. Increased inflammatory effect of electronegative LDL and decreased protection by HDL in type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2017;265:292–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. He L, Qin S, Dang L, Song G, Yao S, Yang N, Li Y. Psoriasis decreases the anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation properties of high-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1841;2014:1709–15.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sorokin AV, Kotani K, Elnabawi YA, Dey AK, Sajja AP, Yamada S, Ueda M, Harrington CL, Baumer Y, Rodante JA, Gelfand JM, Chen MY, Joshi AA, Playford MP, Remaley AT, Mehta NN. Association between oxidation-modified lipoproteins and coronary plaque in psoriasis. Circ Res. 2018;123:1244–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nayor M, Enserro DM, Xanthakis V, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Aragam J, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Comorbidities and Cardiometabolic disease: relationship with longitudinal changes in diastolic function. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:317–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Oh JK, Park SJ, Nagueh SF. Established and novel clinical applications of diastolic function assessment by echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:444–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Okura H, Asawa K, Kubo T, Taguchi H, Toda I, Yoshiyama M, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K. Impact of statin therapy on systemic inflammation, left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and prognosis in low risk ischemic heart disease patients without history of congestive heart failure. Intern Med. 2007;46:1337–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China

    Lufan Sun, Xiaorui Liu, Wenna Li & Dalin Jia

  2. Intensive Care Unit, People’s Hospital of Huanren County, Benxi, China

    Xiaorui Liu

Authors
  1. Lufan Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaorui Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wenna Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dalin Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LS designed the research, collected data and drafted the manuscript. XL and WL collected data. DJ gave guidance on research design and writing paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lufan Sun.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of China Medical University approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from each participate.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, L., Liu, X., Li, W. et al. HDL-C to hsCRP ratio is associated with left ventricular diastolic function in absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 18, 219 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1157-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1157-6

Keywords

Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X