Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:1–14.
Article
Google Scholar
Low S, Khoo KCJ, Irwan B, Sum CF, Subramaniam T, Lim SC, et al. The role of triglyceride glucose index in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;143:43–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruijgrok C, Dekker JM, Beulens JW, Brouwer IA, Coupé VMH, Heymans MW, et al. Size and shape of the associations of glucose, HbA (1c), insulin and HOMA-IR with incident type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn study. Diabetologia. 2018;61(1):93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4452-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Íñigo L, Navarro-González D, Fernández-Montero A, Pastrana-Delgado J, Martínez JA. The TyG index may predict the development of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Investig. 2016;46(2):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12583.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Phys. 1979;237:E214–23.
CAS
Google Scholar
Singh B, Saxena A. Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: a review. World J Diabetes. 2010;1(2):36–47. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v1.i2.36.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mazidi M, Kengne AP, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Lipid accumulation product and triglycerides/glucose index are useful predictors of insulin resistance. J Diabetes Complicat. 2018;32(3):266–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.007.
Article
Google Scholar
Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0034.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vasques AC, Novaes FS, de Oliveira MS, Souza JR, Yamanaka A, Pareja JC, et al. TyG index performs better than HOMA in a Brazilian population: a hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93(3):e98–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.05.030.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Won KB, Kim YS, Lee BK, Heo R, Han D, Lee JH, et al. The relationship of insulin resistance estimated by triglyceride glucose index and coronary plaque characteristics. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e10726.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Won KB, Park EJ, Han D, Lee JH, Choi SY, Chun EJ, et al. Triglyceride glucose index is an independent predictor for the progression of coronary artery calcification in the absence of heavy coronary artery calcification at baseline. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01008-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nakashita Y, Nakamura M, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Ishikawa Y, Mikami H. Relationships of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption to metabolic syndrome in Japanese men. J Epidemiol. 2010;20(5):391–7. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20100043.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Prabhu A, Obi KO, Rubenstein JH. The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(6):822–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhou S, Zhou R, Zhong T, Li R, Tan J, Zhou H. Association of smoking and alcohol drinking with dementia risk among elderly men in China. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11:899–907.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hart CL, Davey Smith G, Gruer L, Watt GC. The combined effect of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol on cause-specific mortality: a 30 year cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):789. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-789.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Verplaetse TL, McKee SA. An overview of alcohol and tobacco/nicotine interactions in the human laboratory. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(2):186–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2016.1189927.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Dakovska L, Krivoshiev S. The effect of smoking on peripheral insulin sensitivity and plasma endothelin level. Diabetes Metab. 2004;30(2):147–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70100-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li Z, Xu W, Su Y, Gao K, Chen Y, Ma L, et al. Nicotine induces insulin resistance via downregulation of Nrf2 in cardiomyocyte. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;495:110507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2019.110507.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ramirez T, Longato L, Dostalek M, Tong M, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. Insulin resistance, ceramide accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental chronic alcohol-induced steatohepatitis. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48(1):39–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/ags106.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tatsumi Y, Morimoto A, Asayama K, Sonoda N, Miyamatsu N, Ohno Y, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and incidence of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance in Japanese: the Saku study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;135:11–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.021.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonnet F, Disse E, Laville M, Mari A, Hojlund K, Anderwald CH, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with improved insulin sensitivity, reduced basal insulin secretion rate and lower fasting glucagon concentration in healthy women. Diabetologia. 2012;55(12):3228–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2701-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daskalopoulou C, Stubbs B, Kralj C, Koukounari A, Prince M, Prina AM. Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with healthy ageing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMJ Open. 2018;8:1–17.
Article
Google Scholar
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013.
Article
Google Scholar
Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):69–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt228.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Won KB, Han D, Lee JH, Lee SE, Sung JM, Choi SY, et al. Impact of optimal glycemic control on the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Int J Cardiol. 2018;266:250–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.03.112.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee DY, Lee ES, Kim JH, Park SE, Park CY, Oh KW, et al. Predictive value of triglyceride glucose index for the risk of incident diabetes: a 4-year retrospective longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163465.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hong JW, Noh JH, Kim DJ. The prevalence of and factors associated with high-risk alcohol consumption in Korean adults: the 2009–2011 Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175299.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Han E, Lee YH, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with the risk of significant liver fibrosis in metabolically unhealthy subjects with chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(3):300–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14843.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. Seventh report of the joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206–52. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S14–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Sirdah MM, Abu Ghali AS, Al Laham NA. The reliability of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s adult treatment panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and the international diabetes federation (IDF) definitions in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Gaza strip Palestinians. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012;6(1):4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2012.05.017.
Article
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for statistical Computing; 2021. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 1 Mar 2021
Google Scholar
DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531595.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, D'Agostino RB Jr, Vasan RS. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27(2):157–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2929.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park K, Ahn CW, Lee SB, Kang S, Nam JS, Lee BK, et al. Elevated TyG index predicts progression of coronary artery calcification. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1569–73. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1920.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oh SK, Cho AR, Kwon YJ, Lee HS, Lee JW. Derivation and validation of a new visceral adiposity index for predicting visceral obesity and cardiometabolic risk in a Korean population. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203787.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, Hashimoto H, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Association between cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and carotid arteriosclerosis in Japanese individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2005;181(2):381–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.026.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morimoto A, Tatsumi Y, Deura K, Mizuno S, Ohno Y, Watanabe S. Impact of cigarette smoking on impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance in Japanese men: the Saku study. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(3):274–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12019.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mukharjee S, Bank S, Maiti S. Chronic tobacco exposure by smoking develops insulin resistance. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(6):869–77. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200217123901.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ng R, Sutradhar R, Yao Z, Wodchis WP, Rosella LC. Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity—modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(1):113–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz078.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Targher G, Alberiche M, Zenere MB, Bonadonna RC, Muggeo M, Bonora E. Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(11):3619–24. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.11.4351.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rönnemaa T, Rönnemaa EM, Puukka P, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Smoking is independently associated with high plasma insulin levels in nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(11):1229–32. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.19.11.1229.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sun K, Liu J, Ning G. Active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047791.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sun Q, Xu H, Xue J, Yang Q, Chen C, Yang P, et al. MALAT1 via microRNA-17 regulation of insulin transcription is involved in the dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells induced by cigarette smoke extract. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(11):8862–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26800.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee DY, Yoo MG, Kim HJ, Jang HB, Kim JH, Lee HJ, et al. Association between alcohol consumption pattern and the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean men: a 12-years follow-up study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07549-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sun K, Ren M, Liu D, Wang C, Yang C, Yan L. Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(4):596–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.10.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yue F, Zhang X, Zhang H, Jiang X, Gao L, Zhao J. Association of alcohol consumption with the impaired β-cell function independent of body mass index among Chinese men. Endocr J. 2012;59(5):425–33. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jang HB, Go MJ, Park SI, Lee HJ, Cho SB. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption influences the association between genetic variants of GCK or INSR and the development of diabetes in men: a 12-year follow-up study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):20029. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56011-y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Falk DE, Yi HY, Hiller-Sturmhöfel S. An epidemiologic analysis of co-occurring alcohol and tobacco use and disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29:162–71.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lugea A, Gerloff A, Su HY, Xu Z, Go A, Hu C, et al. The combination of alcohol and cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in pancreatic acinar cells. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(6):1674–86. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.036.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu M, Zhou Y, Xu B, Sun J, Wang T, Lu J, et al. Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with impaired β-cell function in Chinese men. J Diabetes. 2016;8(3):434–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12314.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bennett DA. How can I deal with missing data in my study? Aust N Z J Public Health. 2001;25(5):464–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar