Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

The monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a risk factor for frequent premature ventricular complexes: a retrospective cohort study

Lipids in Health and Disease volume 21, Article number: 129 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Little is known about the link between the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) and frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). This investigation aimed to evaluate the link between the MHR and frequent PVCs in patients, as well as their outcomes, using the axis, burden, coupling interval–ventricular tachycardia (ABC-VT) risk score (ARS).

Methods

Two hundred patients with frequent PVCs and 70 controls were retrospectively enrolled, and their general data were gathered. The MHR and ARS were calculated. Then, patients developing frequent PVCs were classified into a medium−/high-risk subgroup and a low-risk subgroup according to ARS. The results were evaluated employing comparative statistical analyses, Spearman’s correlation, logistic regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

The MHR in the controls was obviously lower than that in the frequent PVC group. In addition, the MHR was the lowest in the control group and highest in the medium−/high-risk subgroup, with that of the low-risk subgroup falling in the middle. Spearman’s correlation analyses showed that the MHR was positively correlated with the ARS (ρ = 0.307, P < 0.001). Ultimately, the MHR was found to be a risk factor for frequent PVCs in the multivariate analysis. In addition, an MHR cutoff point of 254.6 featured 67.50% sensitivity and 67.14% specificity for predicting frequent PVCs, and the area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.694 (95% confidence interval: 0.623–0.766) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The MHR is positively and independently correlated with frequent PVCs and can be used as a practical, cost-saving and simple biomarker of inflammation owing to its value in predicting frequent PVCs. In addition, the MHR is crucial to risk stratification and prognosis, which may give it clinical value in the prevention and management of frequent PVCs.

Background

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) denote any cardiac rhythm, including single complex or multiple consecutive rhythms, originating from a site below the atrioventricular node. Studies have revealed that the aggravation of heart failure and damage to left ventricular function are associated with highly frequent PVCs [1, 2]. The precise etiologies of PVCs are still unclear, but inflammatory states following cardiac surgery, pericarditis and myocarditis are frequently related to PVCs. Furthermore, evidence has evaluated that inflammation remains a high priority in the pathological process of arrhythmia diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF) [3,4,5,6,7,8,9] and PVCs [10, 11]. Therefore, the specific relationship between inflammation and PVCs deserves more research.

In bone marrow, monocytes develop from their precursors and are then released into the circulation, where they enter tissues at sites of inflammation and discharge proinflammatory cytokines; thus, monocytes impact inflammation severity and are regarded as a biomarker of inflammation [12]. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), which relies on the reversal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) oxidation, transports cholesterol from the surrounding tissue to the liver for recycling and suppresses endothelial adhesion molecule expression as well as monocyte recruitment in the arterial wall, thus playing an antioxidant role and modulating thrombosis, vascular motor function and vascular inflammation [13,14,15]. The above studies found that by directly acting on monocytes, HDL-c can inhibit inflammatory responses. Given that the monocyte to HDL-c ratio (MHR) is related to the proinflammatory effects from monocytes and the anti-inflammatory effects from HDL-c, it is regarded as a neotypic marker of inflammation [16].

An increased MHR has been shown to be related to multiple diseases, such as metabolic syndrome [17], polycystic ovary syndrome [18], coronary artery disease [16, 19], and AF [20]. However, few studies have been carried out to evaluate the link between the MHR and frequent PVCs or patient outcomes.

The axis, burden, coupling interval–ventricular tachycardia (ABC-VT) risk score (ARS) was derived and verified by Voskoboinik et al. for distinguishing persons with frequent PVCs who are at higher risk of negative events; using the British Columbia PVC Registry population, external validation of the ARS was completed by Thibert et al. [21, 22]. Di Biase et al. analyzed Voskoboinik’s paper in detail and hypothesized that the score could guide clinicians in the management of persons with frequent PVCs [23]. Therefore, the ARS could be crucial to the prognosis of persons with frequent PVCs and could provide a reference for further clinical treatment options.

This investigation intends to explore the link between the MHR and frequent PVCs in patients, as well as their outcomes, using the ARS.

Methods

Study population

Between January 2018 and July 2022 in Hefei, China, 200 hospitalized persons who developed frequent PVCs [burden > 5%, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 45%], aged 7–88 years, were recruited from the Hefei High-tech Cardiovascular Hospital (HHCH) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (FAHAMU). These persons had no structural heart diseases. Seventy hospitalized patients without frequent PVCs were selected as the controls. The exclusion criteria were as follows: recent blood transfusion, hematological disorder, autoimmune diseases, active infection, active or chronic inflammation, acute or chronic renal/hepatic diseases, and malignancy. The ethics committees of HHCH and FAHAMU approved the study protocol.

The ARSs were independently determined by two cardiologists, who were blinded to the data of each case. When the scores determined by the two cardiologists were inconsistent, the data were handed over to a third cardiologist, who made the decision. As Voskoboinik et al. described, the calculation standard of ARS is as follows: 4 points, a PVC coupling interval > 500 ms; 4 points, a nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; 3 points, a PVC burden > 20%; 2 points, a PVC burden 10 to 20%; 1 point, a superior PVC axis. On the basis of the ARS, the participants were divided into a low-risk subgroup (0–4 points) and a medium−/high-risk subgroup (5–12 points).

Definitions

The general data of each person, including medication use, left ventricular end-diastolic (LVD) diameter (LVDD), LVEF, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), sex and age, were gathered after admission. Person blood pressure, height and weight were determined thrice using standard techniques, and the three measurements were averaged as the final values. BMI was computed via dividing body weight (kg) by height (m) square. Hypertension referred to diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≥90 mmHg and/or systolic BP ≥140 mmHg without the use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes referred to a 2-hour blood glucose (BG) ≥200 mg/dl in an oral glucose tolerance test or a fasting BG ≥126 mg/dl without the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. LVDD was recorded as the mean of values measured in five consecutive cardiac cycles, and LVEF was computed from the formula [LVEF = (left ventricular stroke volume/LVD volume)*100%], determined by one experienced doctor specializing in echocardiography.

Blood analysis methods

Peripheral venous blood specimens were collected from participants upon admission to an inpatient ward. In all participants, blood tests were performed immediately after admission. White blood cell (WBC), monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts and triglyceride, HDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-c levels were measured. Subsequently, the MHR was calculated. A Sysmex XN-9000 automatic biochemical analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) and a Zybio ZS400 automatic biochemical analyzer (ZYBIO Biotechnology Co., LTD, Chongqing, China) were applied to measure triglycerides, HDL-c, TC, and LDL-c. WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were assessed by a DYMIND DT-CRP analyzer (DYMIND Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China) and a Beckman Coulter AU5800 analyzer (Beckman Coulter, California, USA).

Statistical analyses

Variates are depicted as means ± standard deviations, and categorical variates are depicted as numbers (%). Disparities in features between the control and the frequent PVC group were tested by the t test, and the differences in the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level between the ARS risk-stratified subgroups and control group were computed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey detection for multiple comparisons. To evaluate the associations of monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level with ARS, Spearman’s correlation analyses was applied. To evaluate the best cutoff values of the ARS and the specificity and sensitivity for all variables to predict frequent PVCs, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were applied. Last, binary logistic regression analyses (univariate and further multivariate) were applied to assess the risk factors (RFs) of frequent PVCs.

Each statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and SPSS 22.0. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Comparisons of baseline features between the control and frequent PVC groups

Table 1 showed the comparisons of baseline features between the control and frequent PVC groups. Persons in the frequent PVC group were younger and less likely to have a history of hypertension than persons in the control group. This study also found that LVDD, MHR, monocyte count, and lymphocyte count were higher in the frequent PVC group than the control group, but HDL-c and LVEF showed the opposite trend. More persons in the control group used statin medications, and more persons in the frequent PVC group used aspirin. The two groups exhibited obvious similarities in BMI, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, WBC count, neutrophil count, triglyceride, TC, LDL-c, and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) medication use.

Table 1 Comparisons of baseline features between the frequent PVC and control groups
Full size table

Comparisons of the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level between the control group and ARS risk-stratified subgroups

The comparisons of the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level between the control group and ARS risk-stratified subgroups are shown in Fig. 1. The monocyte count in the medium−/high-risk subgroup was obviously higher than those in the low-risk and control subgroups. The MHR was the lowest in the control group and highest in the medium−/high-risk subgroup, with that of the low-risk subgroup falling in the middle. In addition, the HDL-c level in the high/medium-risk subgroups was obviously lower than those in the low-risk subgroup and the control groups.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Comparisons of the monocyte count (A), MHR (B), and HDL-c level (C) between the subgroups stratified by axis, burden, coupling interval–ventricular tachycardia (ABC-VT) risk score (ARS) and the control group. In comparation with the control group, *P < 0.05; in comparation with the low-risk subgroup, #P < 0.05

Full size image

Correlations of the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level with the ARS

Spearman’s correlation analyses between the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level and the ARS is shown in Fig. 2. The results showed that the ARS was positively related to the MHR (ρ = 0.307, P < 0.001, Fig. 2B) and monocyte count (ρ = 0.263, P < 0.001, Fig. 2A) but negatively related to the HDL-c level (ρ = − 0.159, P < 0.05, Fig. 2C).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Correlations of the monocyte count (A), MHR (B) and HDL-c level (C) with the ARS

Full size image

RFs for frequent PVCs

To evaluate the RFs for frequent PVCs, the ARS of the low-risk subgroup was set to 0, and that of the medium−/high-risk subgroup was set to 1 for analysis. Initially, we performed univariate binary logistic regression analyses to identify probable RFs for frequent PVCs, and the variates identified as being significant were analyzed with multivariate binary stepwise logistic regression. WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte counts and the MHR were positively associated with the medium−/high-risk ARS subgroup, whereas HDL-c was negatively associated with the medium−/high-risk ARS subgroup (Table 2). Subsequently, the 6 variates identified as being significant were further studied by multivariate logistic stepwise regression. As shown in Table 3, the MHR was a RF for the medium−/high-risk ARS subgroup [odds ratio = 1.005, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.003–1.008, P < 0.001].

Table 2 Univariate binary logistic regression analyses of risk factors for frequent PVCs
Full size table
Table 3 Multivariate binary stepwise logistic regression analyses of risk factors for frequent PVCs (Forward LR)
Full size table

ROC curve of the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level to predict the presence of frequent PVCs

ROC curve was applied to quantify the ability of the monocyte count, MHR, and HDL-c level to predict frequent PVCs (Fig. 3). A monocyte count cutoff point of 325.0 featured 63.50% sensitivity and 55.71% specificity for predicting frequent PVCs, and the area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.628 (95% CI: 0.552–0.704) (P = 0.001). An MHR cutoff point of 254.6 featured 67.50% sensitivity and 67.14% specificity for predicting frequent PVCs, and the AUC reached 0.694 (95% CI: 0.623–0.766) (P < 0.001). In addition, an HDL-c level cutoff point of 1.320 featured 63.50% sensitivity and 65.71% specificity for predicting frequent PVCs, and the AUC reached 0.646 (95% CI: 0.571–0.722) (P < 0.001).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the monocyte count (A), MHR (B) and HDL-c level (C) to predict the presence of frequent PVCs

Full size image

Discussion

This investigation discovered that an elevated MHR, considered a reliable inflammatory marker, had an independent statistical relationship with frequent PVCs. In ROC analyses, an MHR > 254.6 determined on admission featured 67.50% sensitivity and 67.14% specificity for predicting frequent PVCs in patients who developed frequent PVCs. The investigation confirmed that an elevated MHR is a RF for persons at medium−/high risk of frequent PVCs and that these patients may be at risk of an adverse prognosis as predicted by the ARS.

PVCs are clinically common arrhythmias. In the sixth century BC, Pien Ts’Io, a Chinese physician, noted that the irregularity frequency could predict mortality [24]. In the late 1800s, Étienne-Jules Marey, a French physiologist and scientist [25], first found that PVCs can result in symptoms such as dizziness or palpitations, but fortuitous PVCs are typically regarded as harmless. Highly frequent PVCs, nonetheless, may damage left ventricular function and can aggravate heart failure [1, 2]. Additionally, PVCs can act as triggers for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation [26].

Recently, the MHR has become a convenient novel marker integrating anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory considerations [16, 27,28,29,30]. For example, a study found that the occurrence of cardiac syndrome X had a positive correlation with a higher MHR [31]. Moreover, in persons who underwent coronary angiography, a higher MHR was related to reduced event-free survival and an increased incidence of mainly negative cardiac events [16]. Increased MHR was discovered to have a positive relationship with no reflow [32], stent thrombosis [19], and long-term as well as in-hospital mortality in persons who suffer from myocardial infarction (ST segment elevation in the electrocardiograph) and who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention [33]. Cryoballoon-based catheter ablation is considered a key index for predicting AF recurrence [20]. Nonetheless, little is known about the links between the MHR and frequent PVCs. The current study is the first to reveal that an increased MHR is positively correlated with frequent PVCs and may be associated with an adverse outcome, through ARS prediction.

The precise etiologies of PVCs are still unclear, but the potential mechanisms for any given PVC includes triggered activity, reentry, and automaticity [34]. Studies have found that inflammation is key to arrhythmia progression and development, leading to arrhythmia triggers and reentry [35]. PVC automaticity also has a close connection with inflammation [36]. The MHR, as a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation, may affect the above mechanism. PVCs have been closely linked with myocardial inflammatory conditions [37, 38]. In fact, the production and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines denote an innate or intrinsic stress response to protect the injured myocardium [39]. In addition, in comparison to healthy participants, circulating proinflammatory cytokines were discovered to be elevated in the sera of young patients with no structural heart disorder who developed ventricular arrhythmias [40]. Based on these studies, Yildiz et al. suggested that the inflammatory course may involve structural ventricular remodeling and electrophysiological changes in relation to PVC development [41]. The MHR may have a similar effect.

Frequent PVCs may cause cardiomyopathy that can be reversed by appropriate PVC inhibition, while some PVCs could lead to sudden death [42]. Hence, it is essential to confirm PVC damage early to guide further treatment options. More recently, it was found that the ARS could predict adverse prognoses of patients who had frequent PVCs [21]. In the British Columbia PVC Registry population, Thibet et al. conducted an external verification of the ARS [22]. The investigation confirmed that an increased MHR was correlated with the ARS to a certain extent and was a risk factor for the medium−/high-risk ARS subgroup; thus, the ARS has certain clinical importance in guiding the treatment strategy for patients with PVCs.

Comparisons with other studies and what the current work adds to existing knowledge

Nowadays, the MHR was regarded as a novel marker of inflammation. Earlier investigations demonstrated that the MHR was correlated with multiple disorders, especially arrhythmia diseases. What’s more, some investigations have shown that PVCs are closely related to inflammation. However, the relationship between the MHR and frequent PVCs as well as patient prognosis is still unclear. The current investigation demonstrated that an elevated MHR can be key to frequent PVCs occurrence. Moreover, participants with frequent PVCs who had medium−/high MHRs seemed to experience more adverse events.

Study strengths and limitations

This investigation possesses some strengths. The current investigation demonstrated that the MHR can be used as a practical, cost-saving and simple biomarker of inflammation owing to its value in the prediction of frequent PVCs. Moreover, the current investigation used a new score to evaluate the prognosis of patients with frequent PVCs. The current investigation also has certain limitations. Firstly, this investigation was a simple retrospective study. Secondly, the evaluation of a single sample may not identify variations in the MHR over time.

Conclusions

In brief, the current investigation showed that the MHR was positively and independently related to frequent PVCs and had value for the prediction of frequent PVCs. These findings imply that the MHR is crucial to prognostic prediction and risk stratification for patients who develop frequent PVCs. These findings increase our knowledge of the links between inflammation and frequent PVCs and offer a candidate for a practical, cost-saving and simple biomarker of inflammation to be collected in the clinic for the management and prevention of frequent PVCs.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ABC-VT:

Axis, burden, coupling interval–ventricular tachycardia

ARB:

Angiotensin receptor blocker

ACEI:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

ARS:

ABC-VT risk score

AUC:

Area under the curve

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

BG:

Blood glucose

BP:

Blood pressure

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

FAHAMU:

The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic

HHCH:

Hefei High-tech Cardiovascular Hospital

HDL-c:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LDL-c:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LVD:

Left ventricular end-diastolic

LVDD:

LVD diameter

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

MHR:

Monocyte to HDL-c ratio

PVC:

Premature ventricular complex

RF:

Risk factor

TC:

Total cholesterol

WBC:

White blood cell

References

  1. Niwano S, Wakisaka Y, Niwano H, Fukaya H, Kurokawa S, Kiryu M, et al. Prognostic significance of frequent premature ventricular contractions originating from the ventricular outflow tract in patients with normal left ventricular function. Heart. 2009;95(15):1230–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Baman TS, Lange DC, Ilg KJ, Gupta SK, Liu TY, Alguire C, et al. Relationship between burden of premature ventricular complexes and left ventricular function. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(7):865–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, Houghtaling PL, Rautaharju P, Kronmal RA, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003;108(24):3006–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, Wazni O, Kanderian A, Carnes CA, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104(24):2886–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ommen SR, Odell JA, Stanton MS. Atrial arrhythmias after cardiothoracic surgery. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(20):1429–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96(4):1180–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Li J, Solus J, Chen Q, Rho YH, Milne G, Stein CM, et al. Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(4):438–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Issac TT, Dokainish H, Lakkis NM. Role of inflammation in initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of the published data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(21):2021–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Patel P, Dokainish H, Tsai P, Lakkis N. Update on the association of inflammation and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(9):1064–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hong H, Cao X, Deng T, Meng XM, Li YM, Zhu LJ, et al. Acupuncture at Neiguan suppresses PVCs occurring post-myocardial infarction by alleviating inflammation and fibrosis. Chin Med. 2022;17(1):52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen Y, Wu S, Li W, Wang B, Han X, Yang Y, et al. Higher high-sensitivity C reactive protein is associated with future premature ventricular contraction: a community based prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Yona S, Jung S. Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates and functions. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010;17(1):53–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hessler JR, Robertson AL Jr, Chisolm GM 3rd. LDL-induced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by HDL in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in culture. Atherosclerosis. 1979;32(3):213–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Li XP, Zhao SP, Zhang XY, Liu L, Gao M, Zhou QC. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Int J Cardiol. 2000;73(3):231–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Parthasarathy S, Barnett J, Fong LG. High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1044(2):275–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang Y, Li S, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Zhu CG, Gao Y, et al. Is monocyte to HDL ratio superior to monocyte count in predicting the cardiovascular outcomes: evidence from a large cohort of Chinese patients undergoing coronary angiography. Ann Med. 2016;48(5):305–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Vahit D, Akboga MK, Samet Y, Huseyin E. Assessment of monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with metabolic syndrome. Biomark Med. 2017;11(7):535–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Usta A, Avci E, Bulbul CB, Kadi H, Adali E. The monocyte counts to HDL cholesterol ratio in obese and lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Cetin MS, Ozcan Cetin EH, Kalender E, Aydin S, Topaloglu S, Kisacik HL, et al. Monocyte to HDL cholesterol ratio predicts coronary artery disease severity and future major cardiovascular adverse events in acute coronary syndrome. Heart Lung Circ. 2016;25(11):1077–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Canpolat U, Aytemir K, Yorgun H, Sahiner L, Kaya EB, Cay S, et al. The role of preprocedural monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio in prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cryoballoon-based catheter ablation. Europace. 2015;17(12):1807–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Voskoboinik A, Hadjis A, Alhede C, Im SI, Park H, Moss J, et al. Predictors of adverse outcome in patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes: the ABC-VT risk score. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(7):1066–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thibert MJ, Hosseini F, Andrade JG, Hawkins NM, Deyell MW. External validation of the ABC-VT risk score for patients with frequent ventricular ectopy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14(11):e009952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Di Biase L, Romero J, Briceno DF. The ABC-VT risk score: not as simple as it seems. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(7):1075–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Luederitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. 3rd ed. Armonk: Futura Publishing Company; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Luderitz B. Historical perspectives of cardiac electrophysiology. Hell J Cardiol. 2009;50(1):3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Haissaguerre M, Shoda M, Jais P, Nogami A, Shah DC, Kautzner J, et al. Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2002;106(8):962–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ganjali S, Gotto AM Jr, Ruscica M, Atkin SL, Butler AE, Banach M, et al. Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(12):9237–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Karatas A, Turkmen E, Erdem E, Dugeroglu H, Kaya Y. Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Biomark Med. 2018;12(9):953–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gokcay Canpolat A, Emral R, Keskin C, Canlar S, Sahin M, Corapcioglu D. Association of monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio with peripheral neuropathy in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Biomark Med. 2019;13(11):907–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tang X, Tan Y, Yang Y, Li M, He X, Lu Y, et al. Association of the Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio with Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:707008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Dogan A, Oylumlu M. Increased monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio is related to cardiac syndrome X. Acta Cardiol. 2017;72(5):516–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Balta S, Celik T, Ozturk C, Kaya MG, Aparci M, Yildirim AO, et al. The relation between monocyte to HDL ratio and no-reflow phenomenon in the patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(8):1542–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Villanueva DLE, Tiongson MD, Ramos JD, Llanes EJ. Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) as a predictor of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Marcus GM. Evaluation and Management of Premature Ventricular Complexes. Circulation. 2020;141(17):1404–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ando K, Nagao M, Watanabe E, Sakai A, Suzuki A, Nakao R, et al. Association between myocardial hypoxia and fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: analysis by T2* BOLD and T1 mapping MRI. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(8):4327–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. May AM, Van Wagoner DR, Mehra R. OSA and cardiac Arrhythmogenesis: mechanistic insights. Chest. 2017;151(1):225–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Stulova MA, Konstantinova EV. Ventricular extrasystole as manifestation of viral myocarditis and myopericarditis in young patients. Ter Arkh. 2007;79(12):28–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cui S, Chen XL, Jiang MX. Study on pathological rhythm of traditional Chinese medicine about circadian distribution of premature ventricular contractions in 240 patients with viral myocarditis. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2005;3(5):355–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as therapeutic targets in heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(6):849–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Kowalewski M, Urban M, Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in serum of young people with ventricular arrhythmias. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2002;108(1):647–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Yildiz A, Oylumlu M, Yuksel M, Aydin M, Polat N, Acet H, et al. The association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the presence of ventricular premature contractions in young adults. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2015;21(5):475–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Huizar JF, Ellenbogen KA, Tan AY, Kaszala K. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(18):2328–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thank you to all who took part in the investigation.

Funding

This investigation does not have external funding support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, HHCH, Hefei, Anhui, China

    Yunfei Wang, Deming Li, Jing Li, Cui Yue & Wei Duan

  2. Department of Cardiology, FAHAMU, Hefei, Anhui, China

    Xuetao Zhu

  3. Department of Medical Records, HHCH, Hefei, Anhui, China

    Ling Wu, Qingqing Zhuan & Xiaomeng Dou

Authors
  1. Yunfei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Deming Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xuetao Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Cui Yue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ling Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Qingqing Zhuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xiaomeng Dou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Wei Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

WD, YFW and DML designed the investigation. YFW, DML, XTZ, JL, CY, LW, QQZ and XMD participated in data collection. YFW conducted statistical analysis and wrote the first draft. WD supervised the project and revised the paper. Each author approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei Duan.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethics committees of HHCH and FAHAMU approved the study protocol.

As the investigation was a retrospective cohort investigation in a real-world landscape, informed consent from the patients was not needed.

Consent for publication

Each author agrees to the publication of the investigation.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, Y., Li, D., Zhu, X. et al. The monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a risk factor for frequent premature ventricular complexes: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 21, 129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-022-01742-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-022-01742-7

Keywords

  • MHR
  • PVCs
  • ABC-VT risk score

Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X