Fig. 1

Effect of Cur on Caco-2 cell proliferation by activating the TRPA1 channel. A Chemical structure formula of Cur. B Caco-2 cells incubated with different concentrations of Cur (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 µM) for 48 h. C Cell viability of Caco-2 cells after treatment with different concentrations of Cur and the corresponding IC₅₀ values. D Caco-2 cells were incubated with Cur (10 µM) for different durations (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h). E, F, G and H Caco-2 cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MC (100 µM), Cur (10 µM), and HC (9 µM) for 48 h. Cell viability assessed by CCK-8 assay (B, C, D and E). Representative EdU image by fluorescence microscopy (magnification, 400×) (F) and quantification of proliferation rate (G). Cyclin D1 protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis (H). Data presented as mean ± SEM. (B, C, D, E, F, G, n = 5), (H, n = 3). ^*P < 0.05 vs MC (H), ^***P < 0.001 vs control (B, D) or MC (E, G), ^#P < 0.05 vs MC + Cur (H), ^##P < 0.01 vs MC + Cur (E), ^###P < 0.001 vs MC + Cur (G). Cur, curcumin; MC, micellar cholesterol; HC, HC-030031; EdU, 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; IC₅₀, inhibitory concentration 50; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; Cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase 1; SEM, standard error of the mean