World Health Organization: World health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. 2002, HYPERLINK "http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/index.html" \t "pmc_ext"http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/index.html (accessed 31 Mar 2012), Geneva: WHO.
Google Scholar
Kupai K, Csonka C, Fekete V, Odendaal L, Rooyen J, Marais DW, Csont T, Ferdinandy P: Cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia impairs the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning: role of peroxynitrite. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009, 297: H1729-H11735. 10.1152/ajpheart.00484.2009
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferdinandy P, Schultz R, Baxter GF: Interaction of cardiovascular risk factors with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, preconditioning, and postconditioning. Pharmacol Rev. 2007, 59 (4): 418-458. 10.1124/pr.107.06002
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ander BP, Weber AR, Rampersad PP, Gilchrist JSC, Pierce GN, Lukas A: Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular fibrillation induced by ischemia-reperfusion in normal and hypercholestrolemic rabbits. J Nutr. 2004, 134: 3250-3256.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adkins Y, Kelley DS: Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem. 2010, 21: 781-792. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.12.004
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Ma J: Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 1113-1118. 10.1056/NEJMoa012918
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiuseppe G, Mininni N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F: Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002, 105: 897-1903.
Article
Google Scholar
Aguiar AC, Morais DR, Santos LP, Stevanato FB, Visentainer JEL, de Souza NE, Visentainer : Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Arch Latinoamericano Nutr. 2007, 57: 273-277.
CAS
Google Scholar
Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert JT, Browner WS: Serum fatty acids and the risk of stroke. Stroke. 1995, 26: 778-782. 10.1161/01.STR.26.5.778
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier C, McCullough R, Pierce GN: The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010, 26: 489-496. 10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70455-4
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dupasquier CMC, Weber A-M, Ander BP, Rampersad PP, Steigerwald S, Wigle JT, Mitchell RW, Kroeger EA, Gilchrist JSC, Moghadasian MM, Lukas A, Pierce GN: The effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function and atherosclerosis in rabbits during prolonged hypercholesterolemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006, 291: H2987-H2996. 10.1152/ajpheart.01179.2005
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dupasquier CMC, Dibrov E, Kneesh AL, Cheung PKM, Lee KGY, Alexander HK, Yeganeh BK, Moghadasian MH, Pierce GN: Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor deficient mouse in part through anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007, 293: H2394-H2402. 10.1152/ajpheart.01104.2006
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bloedon LT, Szapary PO: Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Rev. 2004, 62 (1): 18-27. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00002.x
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Herrmann J, Volbracht L, Haude M, Eggebrecht H, Malyar N, Mann K, Erbel R: Biochemical markers of ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial damage. Med Klin. 2001, 96 (3): 144-156. 10.1007/PL00002187.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Christenson RH, Phillips D: Sensitive and high sensitivity next generation cardiac troponin assays:more than just a name. Pathology. 2011, 43 (3): 213-219. 10.1097/PAT.0b013e328343762d
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thakur G, Mitra A, Pal K, Rousseau D: Effect of flaxseed gum on reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009, 60 (s6): 126-131. 10.1080/09637480903022735
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharifkan A, Marjani A, Zaker F: Serum lipid profiles in acute myocardial infarction patients in Gorgan. Biochem Res. 2012, 23 (1): 119-124.
Google Scholar
Senthil S, Sridevi M, Pugalendi KV: Cardioprotective effect of oleanolic acid on isoproterenol –induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Toxicol Pathol. 2007, 35 (3): 418-423. 10.1080/01926230701230312
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sikand G, Wong ND, Kashyap ML, Hsu J: Dietitian intervention improves lipid values and saves medication costs in men with combined hyperlipidemia and history of niacin non-compliance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000, 2: 218-224.
Article
Google Scholar
Newairy AS, Abdou HM: Protective role of flax lignans against lead acetate induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009, 47: 813-818. 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.012
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Press V, Freestone I, George CF: Physical activity: the evidence of benefit in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Q J Med. 2003, 96: 245-251. 10.1093/qjmed/hcg041.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee P, Prasad K: Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2003, 8 (3): 227-235. 10.1177/107424840300800308
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bassett CMC, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Peierce GN: Experimental and clinical research findings on the cardiovascular benefits of consuming flaxseed. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009, 34: 965-974. 10.1139/H09-087
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koller A, Schobersberger W: Post-exercise release of cardiac troponins. JACC. 2009, 53 (15): 1339-1342.
Article
Google Scholar
Ayub A, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Mackness B, Patel J, Durrington PN: Serum paraoxonase after myocardial infarction. Arterioscl, Thromb Vas Biol. 1999, 19: 330-335. 10.1161/01.ATV.19.2.330.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Costa LG, Vitalon A, Cole TB, Furlong CE: Modulation of paraoxonase (PON1) activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005, 69: 541-550. 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.027
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li L, Fei Z, Ren J, Sun R, Lui Z, Sheng Z, Wang L, Sun X, Yu J, Wang Z, Fei J: Functional imaging of interleukin 1 beta expression in inflammatory process using bioluminescence imaging in transgenic mice. BMC Immunol. 2008, 9: 49-58. 10.1186/1471-2172-9-49
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marx N, Neumann FJ, Ott I, Gawaz M, Koch W, Pinkau T, Schomig A: Induction of cytokine expression in leukocytes in acute myocardial infarction. JACC. 1997, 30 (1): 165-170.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Calder PC: Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2001, 88: 109-116.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moldoveanu AI, Shephard RJ, Shek PN: Exercise elevates plasma levels but not gene expression of IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α in blood mononuclear cells. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 89: 1499-1504.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pedersen BK: Special feature for the Olympics: Effects of exercise on the immune system. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000, 78: 532-535. 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-11-.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baldie G, Kaimakamis D, Rotondo D: Fatty acid modulation of cytokine release from human monocytic cells. BBA - Molecular Cell Research. 1993, 1179 (2): 125-133.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shames BD, Barton HH, Reznikov LL, Cairns CB, Banerjee A, Harken AH, Meng X: Ischemia alone is sufficient to induce TNF-alpha mRNA and peptide in the myocardium. Shock. 2002, 17 (2): 114-119. 10.1097/00024382-200202000-00006
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, Gillies PJ, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM: Dietary alpha-linoleic acid inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85: 385-391.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ: The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 63 (1): 116-122.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thies F, Miles EA, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell JR, Hurst TL, Newsholme EA, Calder PC: Influence of dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood inflammatory cell populations and functions and on plasma soluble adhesion molecules in healthy adults. Lipids. 2001, 36 (11): 1183-1193. 10.1007/s11745-001-0831-4
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hallund J, Tetens I, Bugel S, Tholstrup T, Bruun JM: The effect of a lignan complex isolated from flaxseed on inflammation markers in healthy postmenopausal women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008, 18 (7): 497-502. 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.05.007
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, Cunnane SC, Berlin JA, Rader DJ, Szapary PO: Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27 (1): 65-74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, Légaré F, Forest JC, Mâsse B: The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (3): 1390-1397.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Landry MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Hirono S, Zettler ME, Pierce GN: A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008, 27 (1): 51-58.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wood LJ, Nail LM, Winters KA: Does muscle-derived interleukin-6 mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise on cancer treatment-related fatigue?. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009, 36 (5): 519-524. 10.1188/09.ONF.519-524
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salio M, Chimenti S, De Angelis N, Molla F, Maina V, Nebuloni M, Pasqualini F, Latinin R, Garlanda C, Mantovani A: Cardioprotective function of the long pentraxin PTX3 in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008, 117: 1055-1064. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.749234
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Norata GD, Marchesi P, Pulakazhi Venu VK, Pasqualini F, Anselmo A, Moalli F, Pizzitola I, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Catapano AL: Deficiency of the long pentraxin ptx3 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2009, 120 (8): 699-708. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.806547
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Norata GD, Garlanda C, Catapano AL: The long pentraxin PTX3: a modulator of the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2010, 20: 35-40. 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.03.005
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prasad K: Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of flax lignan complex isolated from flaxseed. Atherosclerosis. 2005, 179: 269-275. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.012
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hashemi M, Bayat M, Azizi Saraji AR, Entezari M: The effect of swimming exercise on experimental diabetic myopathy in rats. World J Zool. 2009, 4 (3): 216-222.
Google Scholar
Richmond W: Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin Chem. 1973, 19: 350-356.
Google Scholar
Johnson R, McNutt P, MacMahon S, Robson R: Use of Friedewald formula to estimate LDL-cholesterol in patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis. Clin Chem. 1997, 43: 2183-2184.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar